Arpad városát ún. újhettita államként szokás kezelni, mely a Hettita Birodalom széthullása után létrejövő apró királyságok egyike volt. Karkemiš, Patina, Sam’al, Gurgum, Que, Kummukh, Malatya, Tabal, Arpad… A „Tabal”-ról megjegyzendő, hogy a „Szubar” rontott változata talán, úgy, ahogy ezt Franz Hančar a bibliai „tubal”-ról gondolta. Hančar könyvéről (Urgeschichte Kaukasiens; Anton Schroll & CO.–Heinrich Keller, Wien–Leipzig, 1937) olvastam egy internetes honlapon Arpad városa után nyomozva: „Fundamental work on prehistoric Caucasus”.

 

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"Eastern Mushki" may have occupied a territory in the area of Urartu. They appear to have moved into Hatti in the 12th century, completing the downfall of the collapsing Hittite state, establishing themselves in a post-Hittite kingdom in Cappadocia. Allied with the Hurrians and Kaskas, they invaded the Assyrian provinces of Alzi and Puruhuzzi in about 1160, but they were pushed back and defeated, along with the Kaskas, by Tiglath-Pileser I in 1115 BC, who until 1110 advanced as far as Milid.

 

A "nyugati muškuk" pedig eleinte Tabal állam szövetségesei voltak az Asszíria elleni küzdelemben:

 

In the 8th century, Tabal became the most influential of the post-Hittite polities, and the Mushki under Mita entered an anti-Assyrian alliance with Tabal and Carchemish. The alliance was soon defeated by Sargon of Assyria, who captured Carchemish and drove back Mita to his own province. Ambaris of Tabal was diplomatically married to an Assyrian princess, and received the province of Hilakku, but in 713 BC, Ambaris was deposed and Tabal became an Assyrian province.

 

In 709, the Mushki re-emerged as allies of Assyria, Sargon naming Mita as his friend. It appears that Mita had captured and handed over to the Assyrians emissaries of Urikki, king of Que, who were sent to negotiate an anti-Assyrian contract with Urartu, as they passed through his territory.

 

In 714 the Cimmerians invaded Urartu, breaking through the Caucasus. From there they turned west along the coast of the Black Sea as far as Sinope, and then headed south towards Tabal, in 705 defeating an Assyrian army in central Anatolia, resulting in the death of Sargon. Macqueen (1986:157) and others have speculated that the Mushki under Mita may have participated in the Assyrian campaign and were forced to flee to western Anatolia, disappearing from Assyrian accounts, but entering the periphery of Greek historiography as king Midas of Phrygia.

 

Rusas II of Urartu in the 7th century fought the Mushki-ni to his west, before he entered an alliance with them against Assyria.

 

Ezékiel (Yehezqē’l) könyve 27. fejezetében a föníciai Sōr város (Türosz) kereskedelmi partnerei közt Tūβal és Mešeχ nevű területek szerepelnek (Harmatta János szerk.: Ókori keleti történeti chrestomathia; Tankönyvkiadó, Bp., 1964, 251. o.).

 

S ha már itt járunk, Róma folyójának, a Tiberisnek a nevét is érdemes lenne az etruszk összefüggések szempontjából megvizsgálni. Az auctorok szerint ezt eredetileg Albulának hívták, és Alba Longa egyik királyáról, Tiberinusról kapta újabb nevét, miután az a vizébe belefúlt (vö. Vergilius A. 8, 332, G. 4, 369; Livius 1, 3; Ovidius fast. 2, 389 stb.). Plinius és Vergilius a pelaszg Thübrisz névvel is illették.