Kuber és a várkonyok:

 

Kuber or Kuver (Bulgarian: Кубер) was a Bulgar leader from the 7th century who belonged to the same clan as the Danubian Bulgarian khan Asparukh - they both were sons of khan Kubrat. When Great Bulgaria collapsed under the attacks of the Khazars, Kuber lead one of the fractions of the Bulgar people out of their former settlements in present-day Ukraine. The Bulgars led by Kuber travelled first to Pannonia and settled in the region of Syrmia, which was part of the Avar Khaganate.

 

According to the Byzantine source "Miracles of Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki" Kuber was nominated by the Avars to rule over Syrmia as Avar vassal, but he started a rebellion against Avars, and, together with his people, moved from Syrmia around 680 AD and settled in the Balkans, in the Keramisian plane in western Macedonia. There is not enough information about Khan Kouber and his people following the settlement in the western Balkans but Asparukh's son, Tervel, in the beginning of the 8th century, is said to have cooperated with "his uncles" from Macedonia. The text of one of the inscriptions around Madara Rider after Professor Veselin Beshevliev ^[1] informs:

 

[...] of Bulgars [...] and came to Tervel. My uncles in Thessaloniki region didn't credit to the slit-nosed Emperor and returned to Kisinas [...] his one [...] through treaty the ruler Tervel gave to the Emperor [...] 5 thousand [...] the Emperor together with me won well.

 

The prominent archaeologist from Republic of Macedonia Ivan Mikulchik revealed the presence not only of the Kuber group, but the whole Bulgar archaeological culture throughout Macedonia and eastern Albania [2]. He describes the traces of Bulgars in this region, which consist of typical fortresses, burials, various products of metallurgy and pottery (including treasure with supposed Bulgar origin or ownership), lead seals, minted from Kuber, amulets, etc. By the early 9th century the lands that Kouber settled had been incorporated into the First Bulgarian Empire.

 

 

Irodalom:

 

1. Веселин Бешевлиев, "Първобългарски надписи", Издателство на Българската академия на науките, София, 1979, стр. 94 / "Protobulgarian inscriptions", Publishing house of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 1979, p. 94

 

2. Иван Микулчиќ, "Средновековни градови и тврдини во Македониjа", Скопjе, "Македонска цивилизациjа", 1996, стр. 29-33 / "Medieval towns and strongholds in Macedonia", Skopje, Publishing house "Macedonian civilization", 1996, p. 29-33

 

3. Vesselin Beschevliev, "Les inscriptions du relief de Madara", Bsl, 16, 1955, p. 212–254

 

4. Vesselin Beschevliev, "Die protobulgarischen Inschriften", Berlin, 1963

 

"Acta Sancti Demetrii", V 195-207, Гръцки извори за българската история, 3, стр. 159-166

 

5. "История на България", Том втори Първа българска държава, Издателство на Българската академия на науките, София, 1981, стр. 106-108, 110

 

6. J. Werner, "Der Schatzfund von Vrap in Albanien", OeAW Bd. 184, Wien 1986, p. 1-71

 

7. Иван Микулчиќ, "Средновековни градови и тврдини во Македониjа", Скопjе, "Македонска цивилизациjа", 1996