Galgadio Creative Commons License 2007.04.03 0 0 277

Most nem találom azt a lapot, de helyette találtam egy másikat.

 

Erről  a pogány angolszászok naptára:

The Heathen Calendar

Nothing is known of detailed reckonings of the year in heathen Englisc times, but the old names and descriptions as Bede gives them in De Temporum Ratione clearly go back far into the heathen period. A blend of both Lunar and Solar cycles seems to have been employed, with months being taken from new moon to new moon (a Synodic month of approximately 29.5 days), while the year was taken between successive Winter solstices (a Tropical year of approximately 365.24 days). Our problems of having to use Leap years to even up the odd quarter-days seem insignificant in comparison with trying to make Synodic months and Tropical years come out even, as twelve Lunar months only make 354 days - a shortfall of some 11 days! A system of intercalation was used, however, which periodically introduced a whole extra month into the year and brought the two cycles back into step.

The year

The year began at the time of the Winter Solstice, and this festival was known as Geol (Yule), onto which the christian Christmas was later grafted. The origin of both the old name and the festival go back to the dawn of humanity and had long been lost even in Bede's day. Bede also tells us that certain pagan ceremonies, which he does not describe, caused the first night of the New Year to be called Modranect, which, adjusted to normal Englisc, becomes Mod[d]ra Niht (Night of Mothers). The year was divided into two seasons; Sumor (Summer) and Winter (Winter), with Winter beginning at the start of Winterfylleð.

Years could be reckoned from "The Coming of the English", an event which is traditionally given the date of 449 AD This may be found by subtracting 449 from the Year of Grace, thus 1990 - 449 = 1541.

The Months

The last month of the Old Year and the first month of the New were called se Ærra Geola (the earlier Yule month) and se Æfter[r]a Geola (the later Yule month) respectively, as they occurred immediately before and after the festival of Geol.

The second month was Solmonað, which probably means Sun Month. But although Bede was mistaken in deriving the name of the month from it (he said it meant "The Month of Cakes") his statement that cakes were offered to the gods at a festival at this time may well be true.

The third month was Hreþmonað, and the fourth Eastermonað. They were supposed to be named after the divinities Hreþe and Eostre, but the nature of these divinities is not known and some have even suggested that they did not exist, as neither name appears in any other related mythology. The comparison between Hreþe, the Germanic Nerthus, and the Scandinavian Njorðr has been drawn, however. Wherever the name is derived from, our Easter is clearly a Christian take-over of a pagan festival, as with Yule.

The fifth month was Ðrimilcemonað, "because cows were then milked three times a day".

The period of the Summer Solstice was known as Liþa, a word probably as old as Geol, but which may have had the meaning Moon. From this, the sixth month was called se Ærra Liþa (The earlier Lithe-month) and the seventh se Æfterra Liþa (The later Lithe-month). In intercalary years a third Liþa month was added after se Æfterra Liþa.

The eighth month was Weodmonað, which means Weed Month, perhaps referring to the plenteous summer growth of vegetation.

The ninth month was Haligmonað, which means literally Holy Month, but which Bede refers to as "The month of offerings", implying some form of Harvest Thanksgiving festival .

The tenth month, Winterfylleð, Bede suggests is named after the appearance of the first full moon of Winter.

The name of the eleventh month, Blotmonað, which means the Month of Sacrifice, arises from the fact that without modern methods of fodder storage it was not possible to keep more than a limited amount of livestock through the winter. The surplus animals were therefore killed and the flesh smoked or salted down. The keeping of this as a sacrificial occasion, and devoting the killed animals to the gods, was perhaps an economical way of making a virtue of necessity.

Days

The names of the days of the week date from the Heathen period, although ultimately derived from Classical gods. Their Englisc forms are given below.

Sunnandæg (The day of the Sun)= Sunday
Monandæg (The day of the Moon) = Monday
Tiwesdæg (The day of Tiw, ON Tyr) = Tuesday
Wodnesdæg (The day of Woden, ON Odinn) = Wednesday
Þunresdæg (The day of Þunor, ON Þor) = Thursday
Frigedæg (The day of Frige, or love, ON Freyja) = Friday
Sæterndæg (A direct transliteration of the Latin Saturni die) = Saturday

Incidentally, in common speech at least, the new day was thought to begin with sunset of the previous one. For example, after sunset Saturday would be referred to as Sunnanniht, becoming Sunnandæg with the sunrise.