1
00:00:48,673 --> 00:00:50,507
"I don't believe it.
2
00:00:50,675 --> 00:00:53,135
It makes no sense."
3
00:00:57,182 --> 00:00:59,725
"There is something so strange."
4
00:01:03,063 --> 00:01:07,107
"Perhaps you can suggest
some fantastic explanation."
5
00:01:12,739 --> 00:01:15,074
"Couldn't it be this sort of thing?"
6
00:01:19,662 --> 00:01:22,623
He turned the drawing around.
7
00:01:27,837 --> 00:01:29,880
"Yes," she said,
8
00:01:30,048 --> 00:01:32,549
"that is what I mean."
9
00:01:34,094 --> 00:01:36,470
This was the first explanation
10
00:01:36,638 --> 00:01:39,056
of the splitting of the atom.
11
00:01:54,405 --> 00:01:57,574
Robert Oppenheimer said, "Impossible,"
12
00:01:57,742 --> 00:02:01,453
but within 15 minutes he decided
it was real.
13
00:02:01,621 --> 00:02:03,455
He realized it would release
14
00:02:03,623 --> 00:02:06,041
a great amount of energy,
15
00:02:06,209 --> 00:02:08,377
that you could generate power
16
00:02:08,545 --> 00:02:10,546
and make bombs.
17
00:02:16,594 --> 00:02:18,428
Within a week
18
00:02:18,596 --> 00:02:21,598
on Oppenheimer's blackboard
19
00:02:21,766 --> 00:02:24,768
there was a crude drawing of the bomb.
20
00:02:32,068 --> 00:02:34,236
Enrico Fermi stood in his office
21
00:02:34,404 --> 00:02:36,864
and looked out over Manhattan.
22
00:02:39,742 --> 00:02:42,870
He cupped his hands
to the size of a tennis ball.
23
00:02:44,998 --> 00:02:48,041
"A little bomb like that," he said,
24
00:02:48,209 --> 00:02:51,295
"and it would all disappear. "
25
00:04:12,418 --> 00:04:14,336
There is no doubt in my mind-
26
00:04:14,504 --> 00:04:17,089
if terrorists had acquired
a nuclear weapon,
27
00:04:17,257 --> 00:04:19,591
they would not have hesitated to use it.
28
00:04:34,857 --> 00:04:36,984
So I guess the question is,
29
00:04:37,151 --> 00:04:39,236
"Could they ever get one?"
30
00:05:03,553 --> 00:05:07,055
Al-Qaeda is determined
to acquire nuclear weapons
31
00:05:07,223 --> 00:05:10,058
and to use them if they get them.
32
00:05:10,226 --> 00:05:12,477
In the early '90s they tried to buy
33
00:05:12,645 --> 00:05:14,896
highly-enriched uranium in the Sudan.
34
00:05:15,064 --> 00:05:17,733
They got scammed.
35
00:05:17,900 --> 00:05:20,360
Just prior to the 9/11 attacks,
36
00:05:20,528 --> 00:05:22,904
we do know that Osama Bin Laden
37
00:05:23,072 --> 00:05:25,032
and his lieutenant Zawahiri
38
00:05:25,199 --> 00:05:27,617
sat down
with two Pakistani nuclear scientists
39
00:05:27,785 --> 00:05:31,121
and discussed nuclear weapons.
40
00:05:32,915 --> 00:05:35,542
Before releasing the sarin gas
in the Tokyo subway,
41
00:05:35,710 --> 00:05:38,337
the Japanese cult Aum Shinrikyo
42
00:05:38,504 --> 00:05:42,090
attempted to acquire
a nuclear bomb in Russia.
43
00:05:42,258 --> 00:05:45,177
They bought a sheep farm
in Australia
44
00:05:45,345 --> 00:05:48,472
to mine uranium
to build their own bomb.
45
00:05:50,433 --> 00:05:53,101
The objective of Al-Qaeda
46
00:05:53,269 --> 00:05:55,562
is to, quote,
"kill four million Americans,
47
00:05:55,730 --> 00:05:57,689
including two million children. "
48
00:05:57,857 --> 00:06:00,901
This is, in his calculation,
what's required
49
00:06:01,069 --> 00:06:03,278
to balance the scales ofjustice.
50
00:06:05,198 --> 00:06:07,032
He takes various incidents,
51
00:06:07,200 --> 00:06:10,535
from Shatila to the war in Iraq,
52
00:06:10,703 --> 00:06:12,829
and counts up the body count and says,
53
00:06:12,997 --> 00:06:16,291
"That's how many people
we're out- four million. "
54
00:06:16,459 --> 00:06:18,627
You're not gonna get
to kill four million people
55
00:06:18,795 --> 00:06:20,629
by hijacking airplanes
56
00:06:20,797 --> 00:06:22,714
and crashing them into buildings.
57
00:06:39,732 --> 00:06:42,984
Actually, I'm not that worried
about nuclear weapons.
58
00:06:43,152 --> 00:06:44,361
It's not one of my main worries.
59
00:06:44,529 --> 00:06:46,363
I do not worry about nuclear weapons.
60
00:06:49,534 --> 00:06:52,077
Isn't everybody worried
about nuclear war?
61
00:06:52,245 --> 00:06:54,037
That's a stupid answer, right?
62
00:06:56,833 --> 00:06:58,917
I don't know.
It just has never been
63
00:06:59,085 --> 00:07:01,795
something that I've actually had
to think about in my everyday life.
64
00:07:06,092 --> 00:07:08,343
It might, you know, get on your conscience
for a couple days maybe,
65
00:07:08,511 --> 00:07:09,803
and then it kind ofjust disappears.
66
00:07:12,765 --> 00:07:16,685
I don't think anybody is
going to use in this day and age-
67
00:07:16,853 --> 00:07:18,812
ridiculous even to think about it.
68
00:07:18,980 --> 00:07:21,231
What can you do? Nothing.
69
00:07:23,609 --> 00:07:25,694
At the end of the day, it's one button
70
00:07:25,862 --> 00:07:27,696
and there's gonna be a big mess
at the end of it, isn't there?
71
00:07:27,864 --> 00:07:30,532
Somebody's gonna make
a mistake one day
72
00:07:30,700 --> 00:07:32,325
and we're all gonna suffer for it.
73
00:07:44,088 --> 00:07:47,632
There are three ways
to acquire a nuclear weapon:
74
00:07:47,800 --> 00:07:49,843
you could steal a bomb;
75
00:07:50,011 --> 00:07:52,345
you could buy a bomb;
76
00:07:52,513 --> 00:07:55,307
and you could build a bomb.
77
00:07:55,475 --> 00:07:57,309
Of all the things I learned
78
00:07:57,477 --> 00:07:59,686
after 9/11 about terrorism intent,
79
00:07:59,854 --> 00:08:03,231
the most startling discovery
for me personally
80
00:08:03,399 --> 00:08:05,775
was realizing that they were
trying to build a bomb.
81
00:08:08,988 --> 00:08:11,698
The hardest part
of making a nuclear bomb
82
00:08:11,866 --> 00:08:13,700
is getting the material-
83
00:08:13,868 --> 00:08:15,744
the highly-enriched
uranium or plutonium.
84
00:08:17,997 --> 00:08:20,415
Many countries
have these materials,
85
00:08:20,583 --> 00:08:23,084
and often they are poorly guarded.
86
00:08:26,130 --> 00:08:27,964
But if I were a terrorist
87
00:08:28,132 --> 00:08:29,966
intending to build a nuclear bomb
88
00:08:30,134 --> 00:08:32,385
and I wanted to blow up a major city,
89
00:08:32,553 --> 00:08:36,348
I would look to the countries
of the former Soviet Union.
90
00:08:36,516 --> 00:08:38,975
There have been many cases
involving the theft
91
00:08:39,143 --> 00:08:41,937
of highly-enriched
uranium or plutonium.
92
00:08:42,104 --> 00:08:44,940
And every time there has been
a black-market seizure
93
00:08:45,107 --> 00:08:47,692
of stolen H.E.U. or plutonium
94
00:08:47,860 --> 00:08:50,445
and they were able to track it
back to its source,
95
00:08:50,613 --> 00:08:52,781
it came from Russia.
96
00:08:54,867 --> 00:08:57,536
There was a case
at a Russian naval base
97
00:08:57,703 --> 00:08:59,412
in the early 1990s.
98
00:08:59,580 --> 00:09:03,458
One of the naval personnel
told a relative of his
99
00:09:03,626 --> 00:09:06,336
where the highly-enriched
uranium at this base was.
100
00:09:06,504 --> 00:09:09,005
This relative walked
through a gaping hole
101
00:09:09,173 --> 00:09:10,966
in a security fence,
102
00:09:11,133 --> 00:09:13,718
walked up to what you
and I would consider to be a tool shed,
103
00:09:13,886 --> 00:09:17,055
snapped the padlock with an iron bar.
104
00:09:17,223 --> 00:09:19,140
He set off no alarm.
105
00:09:19,308 --> 00:09:21,476
He was not detected at all.
106
00:09:21,644 --> 00:09:26,565
The Russian military prosecutor
in that case said, quote,
107
00:09:26,732 --> 00:09:28,900
"Potatoes were guarded better. "
108
00:09:36,367 --> 00:09:38,702
At a facility called Luch
109
00:09:38,869 --> 00:09:41,162
where they fabricate fuel
110
00:09:41,330 --> 00:09:43,248
made from highly-enriched uranium
111
00:09:43,416 --> 00:09:46,251
there was a worker there who knew
112
00:09:46,419 --> 00:09:48,503
that as long as the output
113
00:09:48,671 --> 00:09:50,714
was within about 3% of the input,
114
00:09:50,881 --> 00:09:52,716
they figured it was
normal losses to waste
115
00:09:52,883 --> 00:09:54,718
and they didn't bother
to investigate.
116
00:09:54,885 --> 00:09:57,804
So he kept stealing
small amounts of highly-enriched uranium
117
00:09:57,972 --> 00:10:01,308
day after day
over a long period of time.
118
00:10:17,408 --> 00:10:19,576
Eventually he stole a kilogram and a half
119
00:10:19,744 --> 00:10:22,370
of 90% enriched
highly-enriched uranium.
120
00:10:22,538 --> 00:10:25,040
He set off no alarms.
No one noticed.
121
00:10:25,207 --> 00:10:28,543
He had friends
who were making their living
122
00:10:28,711 --> 00:10:30,545
stealing car batteries.
123
00:10:30,713 --> 00:10:33,923
And they said,
"Maybe the guy in Moscow
124
00:10:34,091 --> 00:10:35,717
who buys our stolen car batteries
125
00:10:35,885 --> 00:10:37,510
will buy your stolen uranium. "
126
00:10:37,678 --> 00:10:39,596
So they went down
to the train station together
127
00:10:39,764 --> 00:10:41,890
and the police came and arrested
the car battery thieves
128
00:10:42,058 --> 00:10:43,725
and he got arrested
along with them.
129
00:10:43,893 --> 00:10:45,435
That's the only way
he was ever caught.
130
00:10:45,603 --> 00:10:47,395
We have cases in which
131
00:10:47,563 --> 00:10:49,939
people from the Russian nuclear arsenal
132
00:10:50,107 --> 00:10:52,609
were selling material
and they were captured.
133
00:10:52,777 --> 00:10:55,904
We have cases in which people
from Russian nuclear labs
134
00:10:56,072 --> 00:10:58,698
were selling material.
They were captured.
135
00:10:58,866 --> 00:11:02,202
Almost all of those cases-
136
00:11:02,370 --> 00:11:04,371
until the material was seized,
137
00:11:04,538 --> 00:11:07,165
it had never been noticed
to be missing.
138
00:11:09,669 --> 00:11:12,671
All the black-market seizures
that I'm aware of
139
00:11:12,838 --> 00:11:14,923
were serendipitous.
140
00:11:15,091 --> 00:11:17,342
They were caught by luck.
141
00:11:17,510 --> 00:11:20,011
So that we don't know
142
00:11:20,179 --> 00:11:22,222
whether it's the iceberg
or the tip of the iceberg.
143
00:11:28,104 --> 00:11:31,648
Once you've managed
to acquire highly-enriched uranium,
144
00:11:31,816 --> 00:11:34,567
you'd need to smuggle it
out of the country.
145
00:11:42,868 --> 00:11:44,703
Georgia is located
146
00:11:44,870 --> 00:11:47,205
along Russia's southern border-
147
00:11:48,666 --> 00:11:50,500
a natural corridor.
148
00:11:50,668 --> 00:11:52,961
And things like
highly-enriched uranium
149
00:11:53,129 --> 00:11:56,131
could be smuggled
through such a place
150
00:11:56,298 --> 00:11:58,133
on their way to Azerbaijan,
151
00:11:58,300 --> 00:12:00,135
Iraq, Iran,
152
00:12:00,302 --> 00:12:02,387
Turkmenistan, Afghanistan
153
00:12:02,555 --> 00:12:04,681
and so on and so forth.
154
00:13:03,407 --> 00:13:05,784
The Georgians invented a so-called
155
00:13:05,951 --> 00:13:08,536
man of Turkish nationality
156
00:13:08,704 --> 00:13:11,956
who said he was a Muslim man
157
00:13:12,124 --> 00:13:15,335
representing a serious organization.
158
00:13:15,503 --> 00:13:18,046
Oleg Khintsagov believed
he was selling
159
00:13:18,214 --> 00:13:20,423
highly-enriched uranium
to make an atomic weapon
160
00:13:20,591 --> 00:13:22,759
to terrorists.
161
00:14:55,227 --> 00:14:57,186
If a truck driver can get a hold of it,
162
00:14:57,354 --> 00:14:59,188
a small time hustler
163
00:14:59,356 --> 00:15:01,190
who just wanted
to become a rich guy,
164
00:15:01,358 --> 00:15:03,568
imagine what professionals
could have done-
165
00:15:03,736 --> 00:15:06,613
real professionals
with an ideology,
166
00:15:06,780 --> 00:15:09,949
with an agenda, with brains.
167
00:15:38,020 --> 00:15:40,438
Once you've moved
the highly-enriched uranium,
168
00:15:40,606 --> 00:15:42,440
you could use any number of ports
169
00:15:42,608 --> 00:15:44,442
in the Middle East
or the Mediterranean
170
00:15:44,610 --> 00:15:47,862
to ship the H.E.U. to your destination.
171
00:15:59,416 --> 00:16:02,835
Smuggling highly-enriched
uranium into the United States
172
00:16:03,003 --> 00:16:05,129
is pretty straightfoward.
173
00:16:10,469 --> 00:16:14,597
Lead pipe
will shield the H.E.U.
174
00:16:14,765 --> 00:16:17,058
The detector would have to be
within a few inches
175
00:16:17,226 --> 00:16:19,560
to pick up any radiation.
176
00:16:23,273 --> 00:16:26,275
And then hide it
amongst everyday goods.
177
00:16:31,573 --> 00:16:34,117
100 Ibs of highly-enriched uranium
178
00:16:34,284 --> 00:16:38,037
is smaller than a football.
179
00:16:38,205 --> 00:16:42,125
It would fit in a six-pack
of beer cans.
180
00:16:45,254 --> 00:16:47,296
100,000 shipping containers
181
00:16:47,464 --> 00:16:49,966
go to the United States every day.
182
00:16:52,803 --> 00:16:56,305
Every way
that drugs come to New York City
183
00:16:56,473 --> 00:16:58,307
would be the same way
you would imagine
184
00:16:58,475 --> 00:17:01,102
highly-enriched uranium coming.
185
00:17:04,815 --> 00:17:08,234
If you have any doubt
about the ability of Al-Qaeda
186
00:17:08,402 --> 00:17:11,863
to bring highly-enriched
uranium into the U.S.,
187
00:17:12,031 --> 00:17:15,074
they could always hide it
in a bale of marijuana.
188
00:17:37,014 --> 00:17:39,891
Terrorism is just one threat-
189
00:17:40,059 --> 00:17:42,560
the deliberate threat.
190
00:17:46,190 --> 00:17:49,108
But there is also
the unintentional threat
191
00:17:49,276 --> 00:17:51,110
of a nuclear detonation
192
00:17:51,278 --> 00:17:53,863
by accident, by error
193
00:17:54,031 --> 00:17:56,324
or by misjudgment.
194
00:18:26,396 --> 00:18:28,147
We'd like to think
195
00:18:28,315 --> 00:18:30,274
the U.S. military or other militaries
196
00:18:30,442 --> 00:18:32,985
that control nuclear weapons
are perfect organizations.
197
00:18:33,153 --> 00:18:35,154
They will never fail.
198
00:18:38,325 --> 00:18:42,161
We expect them
to have 100% reliability.
199
00:18:42,329 --> 00:18:45,414
But even the well-disciplined,
200
00:18:45,582 --> 00:18:48,376
very professional
United States military
201
00:18:48,544 --> 00:18:52,088
made very serious mistakes
with nuclear weapons.
202
00:18:58,178 --> 00:19:00,555
An atomic bomb
breaks loose from a mounting shackle
203
00:19:00,722 --> 00:19:03,558
in a B47 jet over Florence,
South Carolina,
204
00:19:03,725 --> 00:19:05,518
causing a sensational freak accident.
205
00:19:05,686 --> 00:19:10,022
A B52 bomber was loaded
with nuclear weapons by mistake.
206
00:19:10,190 --> 00:19:12,608
An American warplane flew
1500 miles across the nation,
207
00:19:12,776 --> 00:19:15,236
we're told, with six nuclear
warheads onboard.
208
00:19:15,404 --> 00:19:17,363
And nobody knew-
not the aircraft's crew,
209
00:19:17,531 --> 00:19:20,116
not the commanders
on the ground.
210
00:19:20,284 --> 00:19:24,120
We've had B52s explode in the air
211
00:19:24,288 --> 00:19:26,581
during a refueling mission,
212
00:19:26,748 --> 00:19:29,208
causing the four
thermonuclear weapons
213
00:19:29,376 --> 00:19:31,836
to fall onto Spanish territory
214
00:19:32,004 --> 00:19:34,005
and into the Mediterranean.
215
00:19:34,173 --> 00:19:36,507
A B52 bomber
carrying nuclear weapons
216
00:19:36,675 --> 00:19:39,051
crashed near a U.S.
air force base in Greenland,
217
00:19:39,219 --> 00:19:44,182
scattering deadly plutonium
over the ice cap.
218
00:19:44,349 --> 00:19:45,725
In 1960,
219
00:19:45,893 --> 00:19:47,852
a BOMARC air defense missile exploded,
220
00:19:48,020 --> 00:19:49,979
melting the nuclear warhead.
221
00:19:50,147 --> 00:19:52,064
In 1968,
the U.S.S. Scorpion sank
222
00:19:52,232 --> 00:19:54,692
400 miles southwest
of the Azores.
223
00:19:54,860 --> 00:19:58,154
The nuclear weapons onboard
were never found.
224
00:19:58,322 --> 00:20:01,908
A B47 bomber disappeared
over the Mediterranean.
225
00:20:02,075 --> 00:20:05,411
The nuclear weapons aboard
were never located.
226
00:20:05,579 --> 00:20:07,413
In 1959,
an aircraft crashed
227
00:20:07,581 --> 00:20:09,415
near Whidbey Island, Washington.
228
00:20:09,583 --> 00:20:12,501
The nuclear depth charges
were not recovered.
229
00:20:12,669 --> 00:20:15,296
A Skyhawk strike aircraft
carrying a nuclear weapon
230
00:20:15,464 --> 00:20:18,341
rolled off an aircraft carrier
in the Sea of Japan.
231
00:20:18,508 --> 00:20:21,135
The weapon
was never recovered.
232
00:20:21,303 --> 00:20:23,137
There are many ways in which
233
00:20:23,305 --> 00:20:25,306
efforts to make a system
more reliable
234
00:20:25,474 --> 00:20:27,892
actually backfire
and make it less reliable.
235
00:20:28,060 --> 00:20:31,604
Sometimes we add
a redundant system.
236
00:20:31,772 --> 00:20:33,773
We add backup systems
237
00:20:33,941 --> 00:20:35,775
so that if one fails,
238
00:20:35,943 --> 00:20:38,110
another can take its place.
239
00:20:42,824 --> 00:20:47,703
But complexity is
the enemy of reliability,
240
00:20:47,871 --> 00:20:50,414
because as you add systems
and make them more complex,
241
00:20:50,582 --> 00:20:53,334
it's harder to understand
all the potential interactions.
242
00:21:07,432 --> 00:21:11,686
It's that unlikely, bizarre interaction
243
00:21:11,853 --> 00:21:13,980
where one person interacts with another
244
00:21:14,147 --> 00:21:15,982
in a way that wasn't anticipated
245
00:21:16,149 --> 00:21:19,694
or one backup system
interacts with another
246
00:21:19,861 --> 00:21:22,196
in ways that you can't
figure out ahead of time
247
00:21:22,364 --> 00:21:23,823
and therefore can't plan around-
248
00:21:23,991 --> 00:21:25,574
those are what cause the problems.
249
00:21:25,742 --> 00:21:29,870
In 1961, a B52 broke apart in midair
250
00:21:30,038 --> 00:21:32,415
over Goldsboro, North Carolina,
251
00:21:32,582 --> 00:21:34,792
causing two nuclear bombs to fall.
252
00:21:34,960 --> 00:21:37,211
One parachute functioned properly,
253
00:21:37,379 --> 00:21:41,632
and that bomb survived
with minor damage.
254
00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:43,968
The other parachute failed to open.
255
00:21:44,136 --> 00:21:45,803
When that bomb hit,
256
00:21:45,971 --> 00:21:47,888
five of six safety devices
malfunctioned.
257
00:21:48,056 --> 00:21:52,143
A single switch prevented
a nuclear explosion.
258
00:21:55,022 --> 00:21:56,605
When I worked in the Pentagon,
259
00:21:56,773 --> 00:21:58,899
I believed that the likelihood
260
00:21:59,067 --> 00:22:01,235
of a nuclear weapons accident
261
00:22:01,403 --> 00:22:04,155
in the United States occurring
was very low.
262
00:22:04,323 --> 00:22:06,198
I still believe that.
263
00:22:06,366 --> 00:22:10,661
But low-probability events happen.
264
00:22:10,829 --> 00:22:12,997
They happen all the time.
265
00:22:13,165 --> 00:22:16,876
There's a first time
in history for every event.
266
00:22:17,044 --> 00:22:19,045
Eventually
267
00:22:19,212 --> 00:22:21,630
those low-probability events
will occur.
268
00:22:29,056 --> 00:22:31,349
Was that supposed to happen?
- No.
269
00:23:06,593 --> 00:23:09,261
I could probably list
every country in the world today.
270
00:23:11,139 --> 00:23:12,932
How many countries
do I think have nuclear weapons?
271
00:23:13,100 --> 00:23:14,975
List them?
- China.
272
00:23:15,143 --> 00:23:18,187
I don't think I signed up for this.
- Russia.
273
00:23:20,899 --> 00:23:22,024
U.K., maybe?
274
00:23:23,026 --> 00:23:24,151
America, I'm guessing.
275
00:23:25,278 --> 00:23:27,405
Oh, us?
Oh, well, that was a given.
276
00:23:27,572 --> 00:23:29,365
France.
- Germany?
277
00:23:29,533 --> 00:23:31,409
Australia?
- Canada? I don't think Canada.
278
00:23:31,576 --> 00:23:32,576
No?
279
00:23:34,371 --> 00:23:35,371
Japan?
280
00:23:37,082 --> 00:23:38,499
No, not Japan.
281
00:23:38,667 --> 00:23:40,126
There's more.
I know there's more.
282
00:23:40,293 --> 00:23:42,753
Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia.
283
00:23:44,464 --> 00:23:47,299
All other countries
that's not telling us- they have 'em.
284
00:23:47,467 --> 00:23:48,759
Afghanistan?
285
00:23:48,927 --> 00:23:50,845
North Korea?
- North Korea.
286
00:23:51,012 --> 00:23:52,805
Do they?
Okay, North Korea.
287
00:23:54,724 --> 00:23:56,058
Who knows?
Who knows exactly?
288
00:23:56,226 --> 00:23:57,309
I don't know. I'm out.
289
00:23:58,687 --> 00:23:59,687
I think that's it.
290
00:23:59,855 --> 00:24:01,021
Yeah.
- Yeah.
291
00:24:04,818 --> 00:24:07,111
After the United States detonated
292
00:24:07,279 --> 00:24:09,655
the first atomic bomb
in the New Mexico desert,
293
00:24:09,823 --> 00:24:12,825
nuclear technology
began to spread
294
00:24:12,993 --> 00:24:15,536
and other countries
began to acquire
295
00:24:15,704 --> 00:24:17,955
their own nuclear bombs.
296
00:24:32,179 --> 00:24:35,681
Great credit is due
for this mighty British achievement,
297
00:24:35,849 --> 00:24:37,641
for it seems
298
00:24:37,809 --> 00:24:39,935
that by the possession
of such deadly weapons
299
00:24:40,103 --> 00:24:44,064
peace can be maintained
in this troubled world.
300
00:24:48,028 --> 00:24:49,862
At Reggane, deep in the Sahara,
301
00:24:50,030 --> 00:24:52,072
France goes foward
with the detonation
302
00:24:52,240 --> 00:24:54,158
of her first atomic bomb.
303
00:24:54,326 --> 00:24:56,494
The explosion carries France
a step further
304
00:24:56,661 --> 00:24:58,496
towards General de Gaulle's dream
305
00:24:58,663 --> 00:25:01,248
of national glory restored.
306
00:25:06,505 --> 00:25:10,132
This is a gigantic success
of Mao Zedong's thought.
307
00:25:10,300 --> 00:25:13,219
Our nation's first nuclear test
308
00:25:13,386 --> 00:25:15,930
surpasses the levels
of the first nuclear tests
309
00:25:16,097 --> 00:25:18,682
of the United States,
Britain and France.
310
00:25:18,850 --> 00:25:22,019
Their criminal attempt to block
and prevent our nation's people
311
00:25:22,187 --> 00:25:24,230
from grasping nuclear weapons
312
00:25:24,397 --> 00:25:27,024
have been thoroughly smashed.
313
00:25:54,469 --> 00:25:57,096
Pakistan, which has
often been at war with India,
314
00:25:57,264 --> 00:25:59,223
hinted it now might have to join
315
00:25:59,391 --> 00:26:01,433
the once-select nuclear
community in self-defense
316
00:26:01,601 --> 00:26:04,270
and warned,
"Membership of the nuclear club
317
00:26:04,437 --> 00:26:06,522
will not stop at six. "
318
00:26:06,690 --> 00:26:09,233
One prime minister of Pakistan
said that Pakistan
319
00:26:09,401 --> 00:26:11,527
would build a nuclear weapon
even if it meant
320
00:26:11,695 --> 00:26:12,903
that the people had to eat grass.
321
00:26:13,071 --> 00:26:17,116
"We will make the bomb
even if we have to eat grass. "
322
00:26:34,718 --> 00:26:36,719
In Karachi, they poured
into the streets
323
00:26:36,886 --> 00:26:39,555
pulling a symbol of the power
they're celebrating.
324
00:26:39,723 --> 00:26:43,100
The bomb has become a huge
source of national pride.
325
00:26:43,268 --> 00:26:46,312
Total jubilation in the streets
of Pakistan-
326
00:26:46,479 --> 00:26:48,355
the first time
we've achieved something
327
00:26:48,523 --> 00:26:50,733
which places us in the ranks
328
00:26:50,900 --> 00:26:53,485
of very very few countries
of the world.
329
00:26:53,653 --> 00:26:55,487
We were proud of our scientists.
330
00:26:55,655 --> 00:26:57,531
We were proud of our capabilities
331
00:26:57,699 --> 00:26:58,991
We were proud of our strength.
332
00:26:59,159 --> 00:27:00,618
People thought that,
333
00:27:00,785 --> 00:27:03,078
"Now let India do anything
to Pakistan.
334
00:27:03,246 --> 00:27:05,497
Let's see what they do. "
335
00:27:13,590 --> 00:27:16,133
I had North Korean officials say to me
336
00:27:16,301 --> 00:27:18,135
the lesson they took away
337
00:27:18,303 --> 00:27:20,471
from the toppling of Saddam Hussein
338
00:27:20,639 --> 00:27:22,514
was that Saddam was ousted
339
00:27:22,682 --> 00:27:24,600
because he didn't have a bomb.
340
00:27:24,768 --> 00:27:27,478
They were not going to let
the same thing happen to Kim Jong ll.
341
00:27:27,646 --> 00:27:29,813
Therefore, they needed
to have a bomb.
342
00:27:33,526 --> 00:27:37,738
North Korea is scared
of disappearing into
343
00:27:37,906 --> 00:27:40,741
what the communists used to
call the "dustbin of history"
344
00:27:40,909 --> 00:27:42,910
like all their other
communist friends.
345
00:27:43,078 --> 00:27:44,912
And they see nukes
as the one thing
346
00:27:45,080 --> 00:27:46,747
that makes them the country
347
00:27:46,915 --> 00:27:49,166
that is taken seriously
by the United States
348
00:27:49,334 --> 00:27:51,293
and the other big players
in the neighborhood.
349
00:28:00,720 --> 00:28:03,347
Every country has enemies.
350
00:28:07,394 --> 00:28:10,145
Every country can use self-defense
351
00:28:10,313 --> 00:28:12,940
as a rationale for acquiring
nuclear weapons.
352
00:28:13,108 --> 00:28:15,025
But if every country does so,
353
00:28:15,193 --> 00:28:17,069
it is a much more dangerous world.
354
00:28:27,247 --> 00:28:30,374
When you see
something that is technically sweet,
355
00:28:30,542 --> 00:28:33,377
you do it.
356
00:28:33,545 --> 00:28:37,047
That is the way it was
with the atomic bomb.
357
00:28:39,259 --> 00:28:42,177
The father
of the atomic bomb, Robert Oppenheimer,
358
00:28:42,345 --> 00:28:46,140
gave some frank answers
to important questions in 1947.
359
00:28:46,307 --> 00:28:48,350
I have been asked
360
00:28:48,518 --> 00:28:50,811
whether in the years
to come it will be possible
361
00:28:50,979 --> 00:28:53,939
to kill 40 million American people
362
00:28:54,107 --> 00:28:56,984
in the 20 largest American towns
363
00:28:57,152 --> 00:29:01,739
by the use of atomic bombs
in a single night.
364
00:29:03,199 --> 00:29:06,994
I am afraid that the answer
to that question is yes.
365
00:29:08,955 --> 00:29:10,789
I have been asked
whether there is hope
366
00:29:10,957 --> 00:29:14,209
for the nation's security
367
00:29:14,377 --> 00:29:16,670
in keeping secret
some of the knowledge
368
00:29:16,838 --> 00:29:20,132
which has gone into
the making of the bombs.
369
00:29:20,300 --> 00:29:22,384
I am afraid there is no such hope.
370
00:29:33,688 --> 00:29:35,522
A nuclear weapon, in a sense,
371
00:29:35,690 --> 00:29:38,817
is the most simple configuration
372
00:29:38,985 --> 00:29:40,819
of nuclear material
that you can imagine.
373
00:29:40,987 --> 00:29:42,821
You just bring together
374
00:29:42,989 --> 00:29:45,783
a certain quantity
of fissile material-
375
00:29:45,950 --> 00:29:48,368
highly-enriched uranium
or plutonium-
376
00:29:48,536 --> 00:29:51,955
and if you do it right,
it will explode.
377
00:29:54,959 --> 00:29:57,252
The design of the first atom bomb
378
00:29:57,420 --> 00:30:00,798
was a very deep secret.
379
00:30:03,051 --> 00:30:04,885
In fact, that was a time
380
00:30:05,053 --> 00:30:06,887
when people didn't even know
381
00:30:07,055 --> 00:30:09,056
whether a bomb was possible.
382
00:30:09,224 --> 00:30:12,935
Now the making of the atom bomb
has become much easier.
383
00:30:17,732 --> 00:30:20,442
Those who say
building a nuclear weapon is easy-
384
00:30:20,610 --> 00:30:22,528
they're very wrong.
385
00:30:22,695 --> 00:30:24,988
But those who say building
a crude device is very difficult-
386
00:30:25,156 --> 00:30:26,949
they are more wrong.
387
00:30:27,116 --> 00:30:28,659
Would you agree with that statement?
388
00:30:28,827 --> 00:30:32,329
I won't comment on that statement, sir.
389
00:30:32,497 --> 00:30:35,374
People from the U.S.
nuclear weapons laboratories
390
00:30:35,542 --> 00:30:37,876
were testifying
in a classified session to Congress.
391
00:30:38,044 --> 00:30:40,379
And they said
that it would be possible
392
00:30:40,547 --> 00:30:42,589
to make a nuclear bomb
393
00:30:42,757 --> 00:30:45,425
with all the parts
being commercially available
394
00:30:45,593 --> 00:30:47,636
except for the actual
nuclear material.
395
00:30:47,804 --> 00:30:50,430
Senator Biden asked
396
00:30:50,598 --> 00:30:52,891
the heads of the three weapons labs,
397
00:30:53,059 --> 00:30:55,894
"Is this possible? Is it really possible
that terrorists could do this?"
398
00:30:56,062 --> 00:30:58,522
And they said yes.
They said, "This is something
399
00:30:58,690 --> 00:31:01,066
that we test our graduate
students on from time to time.
400
00:31:01,234 --> 00:31:03,068
We take two graduate students
401
00:31:03,236 --> 00:31:05,779
who haven't been prepared
for doing this.
402
00:31:05,947 --> 00:31:08,866
We tell them, 'See if you can
make a bomb that would work. '
403
00:31:09,033 --> 00:31:12,202
Lo and behold,
most of them pass this test. "
404
00:31:15,748 --> 00:31:18,041
Biden said, "Prove it. "
405
00:31:18,209 --> 00:31:21,879
And so they went
and made a nuclear bomb,
406
00:31:22,046 --> 00:31:25,799
with everything other than
the nuclear material, from commercial parts.
407
00:31:25,967 --> 00:31:27,801
They actually brought it
408
00:31:27,969 --> 00:31:31,263
into the classified
hearing room in the Senate.
409
00:31:31,431 --> 00:31:33,849
Typically, an implosion bomb
would have
410
00:31:34,017 --> 00:31:37,519
something like 25kg of uranium,
411
00:31:37,687 --> 00:31:39,521
which is about the size
of a grapefruit.
412
00:31:41,983 --> 00:31:43,817
If, let's say,
413
00:31:43,985 --> 00:31:48,488
between 70kg and 100kg of H.E.U.
414
00:31:48,656 --> 00:31:50,490
is available,
415
00:31:50,658 --> 00:31:54,620
then the design is not
a major factor.
416
00:31:54,787 --> 00:31:56,997
It would not be very efficient.
417
00:31:57,165 --> 00:31:59,333
It would not use all the uranium
418
00:31:59,500 --> 00:32:01,543
that was used in it.
419
00:32:01,711 --> 00:32:04,630
And yet it could be enough
to level a city.
420
00:32:42,961 --> 00:32:45,128
During my 10 years as prime minister,
421
00:32:45,296 --> 00:32:48,090
what I really noticed
was that it was actually
422
00:32:48,257 --> 00:32:50,384
the threat of the proliferation,
423
00:32:50,551 --> 00:32:52,386
the fact that these weapons could fall
424
00:32:52,553 --> 00:32:54,262
into other people's hands-
425
00:32:54,430 --> 00:32:57,015
that was the thing that troubled me,
426
00:32:57,183 --> 00:32:59,601
that kept me awake at night.
427
00:32:59,769 --> 00:33:01,979
In the capital, Islamabad,
428
00:33:02,146 --> 00:33:04,356
word hit the streets
in early afternoon-
429
00:33:04,524 --> 00:33:07,150
another nuclear device
tested successfully.
430
00:33:09,070 --> 00:33:10,862
As Pakistan celebrated,
431
00:33:11,030 --> 00:33:12,781
the public hailed A.Q. Khan
432
00:33:12,949 --> 00:33:15,325
as the father of the Islamic bomb.
433
00:33:15,493 --> 00:33:18,120
In 1974
A.Q. Khan was working at a company
434
00:33:18,287 --> 00:33:21,331
that was developing
a brand-new process for enriching uranium.
435
00:33:21,499 --> 00:33:23,333
He stole their designs
436
00:33:23,501 --> 00:33:25,210
and took the list
of all their suppliers.
437
00:33:25,378 --> 00:33:28,088
At the end of the day,
he's not really a master scientist,
438
00:33:28,256 --> 00:33:31,174
but he's a master smuggler
and a master organizer.
439
00:33:31,342 --> 00:33:34,052
He knows how to get the pieces
out of the countries
440
00:33:34,220 --> 00:33:37,472
and how to find stuff and buy stuff.
441
00:33:37,640 --> 00:33:39,599
There was
this whole clandestine apparatus
442
00:33:39,767 --> 00:33:41,810
that was set up
by the intelligence services,
443
00:33:41,978 --> 00:33:45,188
by the army and by Dr. Khan.
444
00:33:45,356 --> 00:33:47,190
Restrictions were placed.
Sanctions were placed.
445
00:33:47,358 --> 00:33:50,027
But somehow the Pakistanis
got around that.
446
00:33:50,194 --> 00:33:53,905
And the formal help actually came
from India's enemy- China.
447
00:33:54,073 --> 00:33:55,907
China gave a blueprint
448
00:33:56,075 --> 00:33:58,994
of a nuclear bomb to Pakistan.
449
00:33:59,162 --> 00:34:02,080
Somewhere around the early 1980s
450
00:34:02,248 --> 00:34:04,833
Khan makes contact
with the Iranians
451
00:34:05,001 --> 00:34:06,835
who are very interested
in getting a bomb
452
00:34:07,003 --> 00:34:08,837
but clearly don't have the scientific
453
00:34:09,005 --> 00:34:11,089
or industrial capacity
to do it themselves.
454
00:34:11,257 --> 00:34:13,425
And thus he starts
on a commercial enterprise.
455
00:34:14,469 --> 00:34:17,679
Khan has got a full marketing
regime laid out
456
00:34:17,847 --> 00:34:20,599
with brochures and videotapes
to offer his nuclear wares.
457
00:34:20,767 --> 00:34:24,352
It's extremely lucrative business.
458
00:34:24,520 --> 00:34:28,190
He had extensive contacts, networks,
459
00:34:28,357 --> 00:34:30,192
and he didn't much care about
460
00:34:30,359 --> 00:34:33,695
who the ultimate client
was going to be.
461
00:34:33,863 --> 00:34:36,406
He contacted Iran,
462
00:34:36,574 --> 00:34:38,658
North Korea, Libya.
463
00:34:38,826 --> 00:34:40,869
But he didn't just give them
the technologies.
464
00:34:41,037 --> 00:34:44,164
He also took the bomb designs
that the Pakistanis had
465
00:34:44,332 --> 00:34:46,625
and threw those in as a sweetener.
466
00:34:46,793 --> 00:34:49,795
He gave them
24/7 technology support.
467
00:34:49,962 --> 00:34:52,547
Got a problem?
Call 1-800-AQKHAN.
468
00:34:52,715 --> 00:34:55,092
It was a full-service operation.
469
00:34:56,594 --> 00:34:58,553
U.S. intelligence
470
00:34:58,721 --> 00:35:01,848
began to focus
on A.Q. Khan in the late 1990s.
471
00:35:02,016 --> 00:35:05,268
The home run was
in December 2003 with Libya.
472
00:35:09,899 --> 00:35:12,776
The C.I.A. and British intelligence
473
00:35:12,944 --> 00:35:16,404
essentially caught
the Khan network red-handed
474
00:35:16,572 --> 00:35:20,826
selling a full-scale
nuclear weapon to Libya.
475
00:35:20,993 --> 00:35:23,286
If it wasn't for A.Q. Khan,
476
00:35:23,454 --> 00:35:25,580
Libya never would have
gotten the centrifuges
477
00:35:25,748 --> 00:35:27,791
that they've now, thankfully, given up.
478
00:35:27,959 --> 00:35:29,960
If it wasn't for A.Q. Khan,
479
00:35:30,128 --> 00:35:33,130
there wouldn't be
an Iranian nuclear program.
480
00:35:37,176 --> 00:35:39,719
Iran is the tip of the spear.
481
00:35:39,887 --> 00:35:42,931
It's the big problem
that we have to solve.
482
00:35:44,725 --> 00:35:48,270
They promised not to build
nuclear weapons.
483
00:35:48,437 --> 00:35:52,065
But the problem is that
the very same centrifuges,
484
00:35:52,233 --> 00:35:54,818
the very same factory
that can enrich uranium
485
00:35:54,986 --> 00:35:57,737
to low quantities for nuclear fuel
486
00:35:57,905 --> 00:36:01,074
can enrich it to high quantities
for nuclear weapons.
487
00:36:01,242 --> 00:36:04,035
So the question is,
do you trust Iran?
488
00:36:06,998 --> 00:36:10,000
By their own admission,
they deceived inspectors
489
00:36:10,168 --> 00:36:14,045
about their nuclear activities
for 17 years.
490
00:36:35,359 --> 00:36:37,819
Without question,
Iran is trying to get a nuclear bomb.
491
00:36:37,987 --> 00:36:39,821
They've made that very clear,
492
00:36:39,989 --> 00:36:42,532
despite their promises
that they are only pursuing
493
00:36:42,700 --> 00:36:44,993
civilian, peaceful objectives
494
00:36:45,161 --> 00:36:46,995
for their nuclear program.
495
00:36:47,163 --> 00:36:49,623
They're really good at trying
to bring things in
496
00:36:49,790 --> 00:36:52,209
that can be used
for their nuclear program.
497
00:36:52,376 --> 00:36:54,878
The Iranians have worked very hard
498
00:36:55,046 --> 00:36:58,256
at disguising
and hiding their facilities.
499
00:36:58,424 --> 00:37:00,258
Many of their facilities are
500
00:37:00,426 --> 00:37:02,761
in crowded urban areas
and underground,
501
00:37:02,929 --> 00:37:06,097
extremely well-protected
from any sort of aerial bombing.
502
00:37:06,265 --> 00:37:09,100
If Iran were
to acquire nuclear weapons capability,
503
00:37:09,268 --> 00:37:11,853
the impact is across
the whole of the region.
504
00:37:12,021 --> 00:37:13,855
You will get a whole set
of other countries
505
00:37:14,023 --> 00:37:17,025
deciding they've got to acquire
nuclear weapons capability.
506
00:37:18,569 --> 00:37:21,988
Syria, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Egypt-
507
00:37:22,156 --> 00:37:25,116
the rivals of the Iranian Shia state
508
00:37:25,284 --> 00:37:26,910
would match their capabilities
509
00:37:27,078 --> 00:37:28,828
and we would go from a Middle East
510
00:37:28,996 --> 00:37:31,289
with one nuclear-armed nation- Israel-
511
00:37:31,457 --> 00:37:34,251
to one with three, four or five
nuclear-armed nations.
512
00:37:34,418 --> 00:37:36,920
They are surrounded by
513
00:37:37,088 --> 00:37:40,048
very unstable regimes
and countries.
514
00:37:40,216 --> 00:37:42,425
If Iran acquires everything it needs,
515
00:37:42,593 --> 00:37:44,427
without doubt, pieces of that
516
00:37:44,595 --> 00:37:46,721
become more readily available
517
00:37:46,889 --> 00:37:50,183
to terrorist organizations like Hamas.
518
00:37:53,771 --> 00:37:56,481
The risk that you have today
519
00:37:56,649 --> 00:37:59,985
with a regime like Iran or North Korea
520
00:38:00,152 --> 00:38:03,530
is they are prepared to start trading
521
00:38:03,698 --> 00:38:06,950
that nuclear weapons capability
and technology.
522
00:38:07,118 --> 00:38:09,911
The Pakistanis had the nuclear know-how.
523
00:38:10,079 --> 00:38:11,913
They didn't have the delivery system.
524
00:38:12,081 --> 00:38:13,915
The North Koreans had the missile
525
00:38:14,083 --> 00:38:16,042
and didn't have the nuclear know-how.
526
00:38:16,210 --> 00:38:20,255
So there was a natural convergence
of interests here.
527
00:38:21,507 --> 00:38:23,675
The North Koreans have
a long track record
528
00:38:23,843 --> 00:38:25,969
of selling military technology
and missiles
529
00:38:26,137 --> 00:38:28,179
to the Syrians, to the Iranians,
530
00:38:28,347 --> 00:38:30,682
to the Iraqis, to the Pakistanis.
531
00:38:30,850 --> 00:38:33,059
They don't really have
any other exports.
532
00:38:36,939 --> 00:38:39,691
Daily life is very grim.
533
00:38:39,859 --> 00:38:41,818
Food is in short supply.
534
00:38:41,986 --> 00:38:44,571
You drive around
the capital Pyongyang at night,
535
00:38:44,739 --> 00:38:46,364
and it's basically dark.
536
00:38:46,532 --> 00:38:48,366
There's a famous satellite photo
537
00:38:48,534 --> 00:38:50,869
that shows
the Korean peninsula.
538
00:38:51,037 --> 00:38:53,246
And in the South you see
all these lights,
539
00:38:53,414 --> 00:38:56,750
and then it's just black.
540
00:38:58,419 --> 00:39:01,212
We are still dealing with
541
00:39:01,380 --> 00:39:05,050
his years of unchecked activity
and contacts.
542
00:39:05,217 --> 00:39:08,720
And it really is
a genie out of the bottle
543
00:39:08,888 --> 00:39:12,640
that cannot be easily put back.
544
00:39:25,780 --> 00:39:27,947
We've spent billions of dollars
545
00:39:28,115 --> 00:39:30,867
putting in radiation detectors,
546
00:39:31,035 --> 00:39:35,246
but highly-enriched uranium
is easily shielded.
547
00:39:37,541 --> 00:39:40,752
If you are depending
on portal monitors
548
00:39:40,920 --> 00:39:44,506
to defend a city
against a nuclear detonation,
549
00:39:44,673 --> 00:39:48,343
you have done
far too much too late.
550
00:39:48,511 --> 00:39:51,471
Nuclear weapons
551
00:39:51,639 --> 00:39:54,099
don't have to be exactly on target.
552
00:39:54,266 --> 00:39:56,142
Close is good enough.
553
00:39:56,310 --> 00:39:59,687
If a terrorist thinks that the portal monitor
might detect the weapon,
554
00:39:59,855 --> 00:40:01,898
they set it off in the port.
555
00:40:03,776 --> 00:40:06,444
Highly-enriched uranium
is easy to smuggle.
556
00:40:06,612 --> 00:40:09,447
The radiation is very weak.
557
00:40:17,498 --> 00:40:20,250
The detectors
that we're putting in place now
558
00:40:20,418 --> 00:40:22,544
would have no chance of detecting
559
00:40:22,711 --> 00:40:25,380
highly-enriched uranium
in a cargo container.
560
00:40:32,888 --> 00:40:36,391
The signature
from highly enriched uranium is so slight
561
00:40:36,559 --> 00:40:39,727
that they have to set the monitors
very high to detect it.
562
00:40:39,895 --> 00:40:44,023
And so they're getting thousands
of false alarms every day.
563
00:40:44,191 --> 00:40:47,819
Toilets will set it off-
china, porcelain,
564
00:40:47,987 --> 00:40:50,447
ceramics,
stone like granites,
565
00:40:50,614 --> 00:40:52,449
a lot of biological materials
566
00:40:52,616 --> 00:40:55,285
like tobacco, some algae,
567
00:40:55,453 --> 00:40:58,371
televisions-
the old-style televisions-
568
00:40:58,539 --> 00:41:01,249
kitty litter,
a lot of chemical products,
569
00:41:01,417 --> 00:41:03,418
and a lot of other stuff also.
570
00:41:09,008 --> 00:41:11,926
You want to smuggle
a bomb into the United States?
571
00:41:12,094 --> 00:41:14,888
Ship it in a truck with kitty litter.
572
00:41:15,055 --> 00:41:16,973
No one would ever find it.
573
00:41:18,726 --> 00:41:22,187
They're great for really radioactive stuff
574
00:41:22,354 --> 00:41:24,189
like cesium or something
575
00:41:24,356 --> 00:41:26,232
that might be used in a dirty bomb.
576
00:41:26,400 --> 00:41:29,444
But for the stuff that you would use
to make a nuclear bomb
577
00:41:29,612 --> 00:41:31,571
that would incinerate
the heart of a major city-
578
00:41:31,739 --> 00:41:33,531
they're not gonna detect that.
579
00:41:39,914 --> 00:41:42,373
Robert Oppenheimer- in 1946
580
00:41:42,541 --> 00:41:44,417
he appeared
in a closed session of the Senate.
581
00:41:44,585 --> 00:41:46,419
And one of the senators asked him
582
00:41:46,587 --> 00:41:50,048
if nuclear terrorism
was a potential threat.
583
00:41:50,216 --> 00:41:52,050
He said, "Of course.
584
00:41:52,218 --> 00:41:55,512
Terrorists could bring a bomb
into New York City
585
00:41:55,679 --> 00:41:57,514
and destroy the city. "
586
00:41:57,681 --> 00:42:01,643
Somebody asked him,
"How would you stop it?"
587
00:42:01,810 --> 00:42:03,645
He said,
"With a screwdriver,
588
00:42:03,812 --> 00:42:06,481
to open up every container
that comes into the city. "
589
00:42:19,411 --> 00:42:22,080
Once you've smuggled
the highly-enriched uranium
590
00:42:22,248 --> 00:42:24,832
into the U.S., you will need
a place to build the bomb.
591
00:42:25,918 --> 00:42:29,837
The bomb could be built
right in the target city.
592
00:42:30,005 --> 00:42:33,550
The hard part was
what we did in 1945.
593
00:42:33,717 --> 00:42:37,011
The hard part is doing it
the first time.
594
00:42:37,179 --> 00:42:39,013
This is no longer
a conceptual challenge.
595
00:42:39,181 --> 00:42:40,807
There is no trick.
596
00:42:40,975 --> 00:42:42,850
There is no magic that needs
to be figured out.
597
00:42:43,018 --> 00:42:45,436
It's really just
an engineering challenge.
598
00:42:45,604 --> 00:42:47,564
It's definitely not rocket science.
599
00:42:47,731 --> 00:42:49,941
Rocket science is hard.