Főleg Európa népeinek genetikai összetételéről, ami történelem során folyamatosan változott szól a topik. A neandervölyiektől kezdve. A történelmi összefüggéseken van a hangsúly.
Germanic-speaking populations historically form an integral component of the North and Northwest European cultural configuration. According to linguistic consensus, the common ancestor of the Germanic languages, which include German, English, Frisian, Dutch as well as the Nordic languages, was spoken in Northern Europe during the Pre-Roman Iron Age. However, important questions remain concerning the earlier Bronze Age distribution of this Indo-European language branch in Scandinavia as well as the driving factors behind its Late Iron Age diversification and expansion across the European continent. A key difficulty in addressing these questions are the existence of striking differences in the interpretation of the archaeological record, leading to various hypotheses of correlations with linguistic dispersals and changes in material culture. Moreover, these interpretations have been difficult to assess using genomics due to limited ancient genomes and the difficulty in differentiating closely related populations. Here we integrate multidisciplinary evidence from population genomics, historical sources, archaeology and linguistics to offer a fully revised model for the origins and spread of Germanic languages and for the formation of the genomic ancestry of Germanic-speaking northern European populations, while acknowledging that coordinating archaeology, linguistics and genetics is complex and potentially controversial. We sequenced 710 ancient human genomes from western Eurasia and analysed them together with 3,940 published genomes suitable for imputing diploid genotypes. We find evidence of a previously unknown, large-scale Bronze Age migration within Scandinavia, originating in the east and becoming widespread to the west and south, thus providing a new potential driving factor for the expansion of the Germanic speech community. This East Scandinavian genetic cluster is first seen 800 years after the arrival of the Corded Ware Culture, the first Steppe-related population to emerge in Northern Europe, opening a new scenario implying a Late rather than an Middle Neolithic arrival of the Germanic language group in Scandinavia. Moreover, the non-local Hunter-Gatherer ancestry of this East Scandinavian cluster is indicative of a cross-Baltic maritime rather than a southern Scandinavian land-based entry. Later in the Iron Age around 1700 BP, we find a southward push of admixed Eastern and Southern Scandinavians into areas including Germany and the Netherlands, previously associated with Celtic speakers, mixing with local populations from the Eastern North Sea coast. During the Migration Period (1575-1200 BP), we find evidence of this structured, admixed Southern Scandinavian population representing the Western Germanic Anglo-Saxon migrations into Britain and Langobards into southern Europe. During the Migration Period, we detect a previously unknown northward migration back into Southern Scandinavia, partly replacing earlier inhabitants and forming the North Germanic-speaking Viking-Age populations of Denmark and southern Sweden, corresponding with historically attested Danes. However, the origin and character of these major changes in Scandinavia before the Viking Age remain contested. In contrast to these Western and Northern Germanic-speaking populations, we find the Wielbark population from Poland to be primarily of Eastern Scandinavian ancestry, supporting a Swedish origin for East Germanic groups. In contrast, the later cultural descendants, the Ostrogoths and Visigoths are predominantly of Southern European ancestry implying the adoption of Gothic culture. Together, these results highlight the use of archaeology, linguistics and genetics as distinct but complementary lines of evidence
The Caucasus and surrounding areas, with their rich metal resources, became a crucible of the Bronze Age1 and the birthplace of the earliest steppe pastoralist societies2. Yet, despite this region having a large influence on the subsequent development of Europe and Asia, questions remain regarding its hunter-gatherer past and its formation of expansionist mobile steppe societies3,4,5. Here we present new genome-wide data for 131 individuals from 38 archaeological sites spanning 6,000 years. We find a strong genetic differentiation between populations north and south of the Caucasus mountains during the Mesolithic, with Eastern hunter-gatherer ancestry4,6 in the north, and a distinct Caucasus hunter-gatherer ancestry7 with increasing East Anatolian farmer admixture in the south. During the subsequent Eneolithic period, we observe the formation of the characteristic West Eurasian steppe ancestry and heightened interaction between the mountain and steppe regions, facilitated by technological developments of the Maykop cultural complex8. By contrast, the peak of pastoralist activities and territorial expansions during the Early and Middle Bronze Age is characterized by long-term genetic stability. The Late Bronze Age marks another period of gene flow from multiple distinct sources that coincides with a decline of steppe cultures, followed by a transformation and absorption of the steppe ancestry into highland populations.
Egy új tanulmány az észak-afrikai népesség megjelenéséről a mór korabeli Spanyolországban.
ABSTRACT
Background The Islamic influence on the Iberian Peninsula left an enduring legacy culturally and linguistically, however the demographic impact is less well understood. This study aims to explore the dynamics of gene flow and population structure in eastern Iberia from the early to late Medieval period through ancient DNA.
Results Our comprehensive genomic analysis uncovered gene flow from various Mediterranean regions into Iberia before the Islamic period, supporting a pre-existing pan-Mediterranean homogenization phenomenon during the Roman Empire. North African ancestry is present but sporadic in late antiquity genomes but becomes consolidated during the Islamic period. We uncovered one of the earliest dated Islamic burials in Spain, which showed high levels of inbreeding. For the first time we also prove the persistence of North African ancestry in a Christian cemetery until the 17th century, in addition to evidence of slave traffick from the Maghreb
Conclusions This study reveals the complex interaction between political events and cultural shifts that influenced the population of eastern Iberia. It highlights the existence of a slave trade and underscores the lasting impact of historical events, such as the Expulsion of the Moriscos in 1609 CE, on the region’s genetic and cultural landscape through mass population displacement and replacement.
Inkább a 11-12.századi genetikai képet konzerválták, mint pl: a székelyek is. A honfoglalók jelentősen keletibbek genetikailag mint bárki a mai Kárpát -medence környékén(a modern kori bevándorlásokat nem számítva persze).
Az nem lehet, hogy a földrajzilag és kulturálisan is elszigetelt csángók a honfoglaló magyarság eredeti génállományát őrzik, akik még nem keveredtek el a Kárpát-medence más népcsoportjaival?
The Csangos are an East-Central European ethnographic group living mainly in east of Transylvania in Romania. Traditionally, ethnography distinguishes three Csango subpopulations, the Moldavian, Gyimes and Burzenland Csangos. In our previous study we found that the Moldavian Csangos have East Asian/Siberian Turkic ancestry components that might be unique in the East-Central European region and might help to better understand the history of Hungarian speaking ethnic groups of the area. Since then, we obtained further Csango samples from Moldavia and from a distinct region of Gyimes, which two Csango subgroups are traditionally different since they live in a degree of isolation not only from other people but also from each other. Here we present the first genomic analysis of Gyimes Csangos, which intended to compare the genetic makeup of these two Csango subgroups using both allele-frequency and haplotype-based methods. The main goal of the study was to investigate the genetic isolation of the Csangos on a genome-wide SNP basis and to assess the isolation of Gyimes Csangos, which in contrast to the Moldavians was not yet studied.
Ez egy érdekes kérdés hogy hol alakulhattak ki az indoeurópai nyelvek, a mai Törökország területén vagy a Fekete-tengertől északra, a nyelvészek többsége a másodikra szavaz.
Az indoeurópaiak őseinek egy része a kaukázusi Darkveti kultúrából származott.
The Darkveti-Meshoko culture (c.5000–3500/3300 BCE) is the earliest known farming community in the Northern Caucasus, but its contribution to the genetic profile of the neighbouring steppe herders has remained unclear. We present analysis of human DNA from the Nalchik cemetery— the oldest Eneolithic site in the Northern Caucasus— which shows a link with the LowerVolga’s first herders of the Khvalynsk culture. The Nalchik male genotype combines the genes of the Caucasus hunter-gatherers, the Eastern Hunter-Gatherers and the Pre-Pottery Neolithic farmers of western Asia. Improved comparative analysis suggests that the genetic profile of certain Khvalynsk individuals shares the genetic ancestry of the Unakozovo-Nalchik type population of the Northern Caucasus’ Eneolithic. Therefore, it seems that in the first half of the 5th millennium BCE cultural and mating networks helped agriculture and pastoralism spread from West Asia across the Caucasian, into the steppes between the Don and the Volga in Eastern Europe.
Különben a Kolumbuszról szóló cikkek egy részében vannak hülyeségek is. Egy zsidó miért támogatott volna keresztes hadjáratot a Szentföld felszabadítására ? A zsidók és muzulmánok közt baráti kapcsolat volt, a zsidók és keresztények közt ellenséges volt a viszony. Egy sikeres keresztes hadjárat után biztos nem a jeruzsálemi zsidó templom újraépítésével foglalkoztak volna a keresztények, teljesen felhergelve a világ muzulmánjait, mert ahhoz le kellett volna bontani a muzulmán mecsetet, ami a muzulmán világ harmadik legszentebb helye Mekka és Medina után.
The Jews supported Columbus on his voyage to the Indies
The next mystery that remains to be solved is how Columbus managed to reach John II of Portugal or the Catholic Monarchs to propose a very expensive and risky adventure. "The answer is clear," says the Catalan, "because there were many Jews and converted Jews who helped him, among them the Duke of Medinaceli, with whom he lived for several years. And of course, Luis de Santángel, who was something like the Finance Minister of King Ferdinand the Catholic, and who personally financed the expedition to America, giving great support to Christopher Columbus." He was also supported by Andrés Cabrera, a very close advisor and in charge of the accounts of Isabel La Católica. "They were all part of a group that protected each other."
Having ruled out all the theories, Galician, Portuguese, Majorcan, Basque-Navarrese and Castilian, José Antonio Lorente dares to choose the Mediterranean Jewish theory: "DNA indicates that Christopher Columbus had a Mediterranean origin in the western Mediterranean. Of course, what happens? If there were no Jews in Genoa in the 15th century, the probability that he was from there is minimal. There was also no large Jewish presence in the rest of the Italian peninsula, so we would leave it very tenuous. There are no solid theories or clear indications that Christopher Columbus could be French. What would we have left? The Spanish Mediterranean arc. The Balearic Islands and Sicily. But Sicily would also be strange, because if not Christopher Columbus would have written with some Italian or Sicilian features, so it is most likely that his origin is in the Spanish Mediterranean arc or in the Balearic Islands, which at that time belonged to the Mediterranean Sea." to the Crown of Aragon."
This is not the only enigma that the feature film deals with. DNA has shown that Columbus lied. Diego, his brother, was not such. According to the chromosomes they were related, but in the fifth degree, something like a second cousin.
What is clear and is shared by all scholars is that Columbus never recorded anything about his past. According to Bartolomé de las Casas, who best studied his figure as a chronicler of the time, Columbus never made any reference to his origins.
We consider Columbus to be a good Christian, according to the history books, but Albardaner, supported by genetics, sees his theory supported: "Why did Christopher Columbus have to hide his identity? Well, for a much stronger reason than the fact that he was from a humble class. The Jews were experiencing the greatest persecution since they had settled in the Iberian Peninsula. Many were forced to convert to Catholicism. Others were forced to emigrate to cities like Lisbon, which was precisely where Christopher Columbus lived for several years. And in the year 1492 an ultimatum was given. All Jews who did not convert to Christianity must leave the domains of the Catholic Monarchs."
The researcher ventures even further: "Christopher Columbus, all his life, had to pretend that he was a Christian, Catholic, Apostolic and Roman. If he had made a mistake, this man would have ended up on the pyre, in an auto-da-fé, but he was protected by the kings. So the Inquisition respected him."
Francesc Albardaner always defended, in addition to the Jewish theory, that Columbus was Valencian: "He was born into a family of silk weavers in Valencia, where there was a long tradition within the Jewish community of silk weavers. As has been said, Columbus was Jewish, a Jew by culture, a Jew by religion, a Jew by nation here and above all by heart, because this man exudes Judaism in his writings."
Taking into account that genes limit the origin to the west of the Mediterranean, Regis Francisco, director of the documentary, draws on history to justify the hypothesis: "The origin of the Sephardic Jews is Sefarad. And Sefarad is the name in Hebrew that designates the Iberian Peninsula in what is now Spain. There were around 200,000 Jews living there at the time of Columbus. In the Italian peninsula, it is estimated that there were only between ten and fifteen thousand. Where there was a much larger Jewish population was in Sicily, where there were around 40,000. But let us remember that Sicily, at the time of Columbus, belonged to the Crown of Aragon."
The Catalan researcher is convinced that the DNA results completely rule out the story that Columbus was Italian, from Genoa: "All the very important historians of Italy, all of them, have written in black and white that it is impossible for this, our Columbus, to be Jewish. In other words, there is a total incompatibility. The whole theory of Columbus being Genoese falls into crisis if it is accepted that Columbus is Jewish." And why? According to Albardaner, Genoa had expelled the Jews in the 12th century, "there were no people, no community, no synagogue, nothing at all. The Jews could only stay in Genoa for three days to do business and then they had to leave."
Furthermore, as even the defenders of other Spanish theories point out, all the letters that are preserved from Columbus, and there are many, are written in Castilian and not a single Italian influence or word is ever discernible. What's more, he corresponded with the bank in Genoa in Castilian.
Dr. Lorente's research traveled to Italy to conduct genetic studies there. They took samples from men with the surname Colombo who live today in the northern area, between Genoa and Milan, hoping to find matches on the 'Y' chromosome. But the results they obtained were totally unexpected. Italian Colombos do not have genetic traits that are even remotely similar to each other. Lorente says that this is because in the 15th century the surname Colombo was given to children who were abandoned in churches and convents. A perfect surname to hide behind, the documentary suggests.
Az évek alatt többen is megpróbálták felkutatni Irvine holttestét, mivel állítólag volt nála egy fényképezőgép, és a benne lévő film bizonyíthatta volna, hogy neki és hegymászótársának, George Mallorynak sikerült a csúcstámadás. A brit hatóságok DNS-mintával próbálják igazolni, hogy a láb tényleg ahhoz tartozik, akiről feltételezik – derül ki a National Geographic beszámolójából.
A film készítői azonban meglehetősen biztosak benne, hogy Irvine-é, mivel a csizmában talált zoknira az „A. C. Irvine” felirat van hímezve.
