Főleg Európa népeinek genetikai összetételéről, ami történelem során folyamatosan változott szól a topik. A neandervölyiektől kezdve. A történelmi összefüggéseken van a hangsúly.
A csontvázakat úgynevezett „zsugorított testhelyzetben” helyezték el, amelynek során a holttesteket magzatpózban temették el. Ez a világ egyik legősibb ismert temetkezési módja. A sírokban kerámiaedények, nyílhegyek, réztőrök és kőből készült csuklóvédők (íjászathoz) is előkerültek.
A mellékletek a Bell Beaker kultúrához köthetők, amely i. e. 2800 és 2200 között terjedt el Európában. A harang alakú kerámia arról árulkodik, hogy az itt eltemetettek előkelő társadalmi helyzetet foglalhattak el.
A bajorországi régészek különleges őskori temetőt tártak fel. A Regensburg közelében, Sengkofen mellett előkerült sírok több mint 4000 évvel ezelőttre, a késő neolitikum és a korai bronzkor közötti átmenetre datálhatók. A temetőben 22 figyelemre méltóan jól megőrzött csontváz feküdt.
A feltárt sírok között két kettős temetkezés is akadt. A párosokat szorosan egymás mellett, magzatpózban helyezték el. A régészek DNS-vizsgálatokkal szeretnék tisztázni, hogy a temetettek rokoni kapcsolatban álltak-e egymással, vagy rituális szokások révén kerültek közös sírba. Az ilyen kettős sírok új kérdéseket vetnek fel a Bell Beaker közösségek társadalmi és vallási gyakorlatáról.
The second half of the first millennium ce in Central and Eastern Europe was accompanied by fundamental cultural and political transformations. This period of change is commonly associated with the appearance of the Slavs, which is supported by textual evidence1,2 and coincides with the emergence of similar archaeological horizons3,4,5,6. However, so far there has been no consensus on whether this archaeological horizon spread by migration, Slavicisation or a combination of both. Genetic data remain sparse, especially owing to the widespread practice of cremation in the early phase of the Slavic settlement. Here we present genome-wide data from 555 ancient individuals, including 359 samples from Slavic contexts from as early as the seventh century ce. Our data demonstrate large-scale population movement from Eastern Europe during the sixth to eighth centuries, replacing more than 80% of the local gene pool in Eastern Germany, Poland and Croatia. Yet, we also show substantial regional heterogeneity as well as a lack of sex-biased admixture, indicating varying degrees of cultural assimilation of the autochthonous populations. Comparing archaeological and genetic evidence, we find that the change in ancestry in Eastern Germany coincided with a change in social organization, characterized by an intensification of inter- and intra-site genetic relatedness and patrilocality. On the European scale, it appears plausible that the changes in material culture and language between the sixth and eighth centuries were connected to these large-scale population movements.
Recent ancient DNA studies uncovering large-scale demographic events in Iberia have presented very limited data for Portugal, a country located at the westernmost edge of continental Eurasia. Here, we present the most comprehensive collection of Portuguese ancient genome-wide data, from 67 individuals spanning 5000 years of human history, from the Neolithic to the nineteenth century.
Results
We identify early admixture between local hunter-gatherers and Anatolian-related farmers in Neolithic Portugal, with a northeastern–southwestern gradient of increasing Magdalenian-associated ancestry persistence in Iberia. This profile continues into the Chalcolithic, though Bell Beaker-associated sites reveal Portugal’s first evidence of Steppe-related ancestry. Such ancestry has a broader demographic impact during the Bronze Age, despite continuity of local Chalcolithic genetic ancestry and limited Mediterranean connections. The village of Idanha-a-Velha emerges in the Roman period as a site of significant migration and interaction, presenting a notably diverse genetic profile that includes North African and Eastern Mediterranean ancestries. The Early Medieval period is marked by the arrival of Central European genetic diversity, likely linked to migrations of Germanic tribes, adding to coeval local, African, and Mediterranean influences. The Islamic and Christian Conquest periods show strong genetic continuity in northern Portugal and significant additional African admixture in the south. The latter remains stable during the post-Islamic period, suggesting enduring African influences.
Conclusions
We reveal dynamic patterns of migration in line with cultural exchange across millennia, but also the persistence of local ancestries. Our findings integrate genetic information with historical and archeological data, enhancing our understanding of Iberia’s biological and cultural heritage.
Slavs in the Closet: Computational Genomic Analysis Reveals Cryptic Slavic Signatures in the Avar Khaganate and Their Contribution to Medieval Croatian Population Formation
Our study applies a systematic computational genomic approach to investigate the complex population dynamics of Southern Slavs in the Hungarian Plain and Avar Khaganate, and their subsequent role in forming the medieval Croatian population. Using a quality-controlled dataset of 1,800 ancient DNA samples, we implemented a comprehensive analytical framework centered on systematic screening of marginal Principal Components to detect cryptic Slavic genetic signatures. This strategic methodological approach addresses the well-documented analytical challenge that Germanic and Slavic populations remain indistinguishable using conventional PC1-2 analysis due to shared Baltic Bronze Age ancestry. Through systematic evaluation of all principal components (PC1-20), we identified PC9 as a reliable indicator of Slavic ancestry within European ancient DNA samples when combined with PC4 and PC3. This approach revealed substantial Baltic genetic components in early Slavic populations (57% in Slovakia/Slovenia) decreasing to 39-51% in medieval Croatian samples. Statistical modeling demonstrates that contemporary Croatian populations formed through three distinct migration waves, with 50-60% total Slavic ancestry and 20-25% pre-Slavic Balkan continuity. Significantly, we identified individuals with Slavic genetic profiles in prestigious Avar burial contexts, questioning established understanding of social hierarchies within the Khaganate. The genomic evidence indicates that key aspects of South Slavic genetic structure emerged through interactions within the Carpathian Basin rather than after Balkan arrival. Our findings demonstrate that Croatian ethnogenesis involved gradual integration rather than population replacement, with the Avar Khaganate serving as a crucial demographic interface where South Slavic genetic structure emerged. Our approach addresses longstanding historical questions regarding Croatian ethnogenesis by identifying specific genetic signatures and quantifying their population-level contributions, demonstrating how application of computational genomics provides unprecedented resolution in studying complex population transformations when traditional historical and archaeological approaches reach interpretive limits.
The transformation of the Roman world (4th-9th centuries CE) culminating in the dissolution of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century marked a fundamental transition in European history. "Barbarian" groups and Roman provincial societies merged into enduring political frameworks in some places but not in others. Key questions persist regarding the regionally specific nature of this transformation. Here, we present one of the most densely sampled early medieval datasets to date, enabling the reconstruction of a post-Roman polity at an unprecedented micro-regional resolution. Our integrated genetic and archaeological analysis of two Roman-period (n=68) and five post-Roman (n=246) sites from the Little Hungarian Plain, a former Roman frontier region, reveals a significant increase in Northern European genetic ancestry, likely reflecting a large-scale population movement into the region. Moreover, while all post-Roman sites, dated to the time of the Langobard Kingdom, share similar genetic profiles, burial practices, and material culture, they display distinct patterns of social organization, especially regarding the role that biological relatedness played in each community. Our results suggest that distinct social hierarchies might have existed between sites, and their intensive connectivity probably formed the basis for regional-level organisation within the post-Roman polity. Our study provides a framework for investigating how new polities take shape after the collapse of major political systems. Applied more broadly, this approach can deepen our understanding of societal transformation across early medieval Europe and beyond, offering a richer and more nuanced view of the human past than ever before.
Egész érdekes konferencia, a régészeti feltárások 1711-es határáról. Mint kiderült a harmadik előadásból, marad ez a határidő. Szerintem anyagi okokból, mert új régészeti raktárakat kellene építeni emiatt. Szerintem a 1850-es határidő egész jó lenne. Két előadás miatt rakom be a videót, Kováts István Visegrád 18.századi temetőjéről beszélt, Líbor Csilla meg Szécsény 18.századi temetőjéről, érdemes lenne archeogenetikai vizsgálatokat végezni. Érdekes volt még Tóth János Attila előadása a vízalatti régészetről és Laszlovszky József bevezető előadása.
Hogy a harsánylejtői villát meddig lakták, még nem tudjuk, de az 5. századra valószínűleg már elnéptelenedett. Az ásatás során sírokat is feltártak, az ezekben talált csontok archeogenetikai vizsgálatra várnak, amely sok új információval szolgálhatnak a villagazdaság utolsó lakóiról, illetve az elhunytak – köztük sok gyermek – között lévő esetleges rokoni kapcsolatokat fedheti majd fel. Ezt a vizsgálatot az MTA-BTK Lendület Biorégészet Kutatócsoport végzi el.
Most olvastam Macsói Béla anyai haplocsoportjáról, ami anyai ágon öröklődik, a dédanyja egy bizánci hercegnő volt, Eufrozina, III.Alexios Angelos császár felesége, ez a haplocsoport a Kaukázusban található meg, grúz, örmény, csecsen, ingus tesztelőknél, szerintem a legvalószínűbb hogy anyai ősei örmények voltak.
Az interneten láttam ezt a térképet az R-Z2103 haplocsoportról, manapság Törökországban a leggyakoribb, de a Kaukázusban és Közép-Ázsia déli részén is elég erős. Európában Albánia és Montenegro a központ, Csehországban is jelentős.
Egész érdekes tanulmány az ókori és kora középkori Grúziáról és Örményországról. A legérdekesebb hogy genetikai kapcsolat volt az oda települő szarmaták/alánok és a magyarországiak közt.
Great Scythia was the ancient Greek name for the area stretching from the northern Black Sea coast to the Middle Don. Using high-quality genomic data generated from 131 ancient individuals from Great Scythia and neighboring regions of the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, we established the genetic structure of the Scythians, revealing their diverse origin with major European Bronze Age ancestral components, and genetic traces of migration and invasions. We uncovered relationships between Scythians, including elite Scythians. Substantial endogamy in the Scythian clan was found. We examined Scythians’ phenotypes and medical-genetic background and found a harmful gene mutation causing fructose intolerance. This ancient “Scythian” mutation has spread throughout West Eurasia and has become the most prevalent genetic cause of fructose intolerance in contemporary European populations.
