John Alan Halloran szószedete:
abgal(2): sage, wise man, wizard (abba, 'elder', + gal, 'great') [ABGAL archaic frequency: 31].
ablal(3): bird niche, nest (ab, 'niche, nook', + lal, 'to be high; to hang').
abrig: a purification priest (a, 'water', + barag, 'ruler; throne') [ABRIG archaic frequency: 9].
absin(3): (seeded) furrow (ab, 'niche', + sín, 'to sift').
abul[KÁ.GAL]: city gate (loanword from Semitic for 'door', Orel & Stolbova, Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary (1995), #287).
abzu: the 'sentient' sea - the sea personified as a god (aba/ab, 'sea' + zu, 'to know') [ABZU archaic frequency: 28].
adamen(2,3): argument; fight.
addir[A.PA.ISAL.PAD.DIRIG]: ferry; bridge (ída/íd, 'river', + dirig/dir, 'to go over').
addirx: wages.
agam: swamp (a, 'water', + gam, 'to decline, incline').
ágan, akan: (cf., akani).
agar(2,3), ugar: field; commons [AGAR2 archaic frequency: 16].
agargaraku6 [NUNtenû]: a fish.
agarin(2,3): father; mother; womb.
agarin4,5: beer-wort; crucible, vat.
agrun: inner sanctuary [ZATU-413 archaic frequency: 4].
aarx[IM×IM; IM.DUGUD]: heavy rain shower, cloudburst (a, 'water', + ar, 'to accumulate; to deposit').
arig: steward, superintendent (áa, 'to measure; to check', + rig7, 'to deed, grant').
ahhur(2,3), uhhur(2,3): (cf., imhur).
akani, akan: udder.
ákan, aka4[KÁ]: door-frame, lintel.
akar: leather armor.
akkil: lamentation, ritual wailing.
alad: a life force; a male protective spirit.
ala, alan, alam, ál: image, statue; figure, appearance [ALAN archaic frequency: 51; concatenates 6 sign variants].
alal: pipe, conduit, gutter; pipe for making libation offerings to the deceased (a, 'water', + lal, 'lift, carry').
alam: (cf., ala).
alan: (cf., ala).
alim: wild ram; bison; aurochs; powerful [ALIM=ZATU-219 [GIR3] sign per P. Steinkeller, archaic frequency: 73; concatenation of 3 sign variants].
allalx, alla: net, seine; crab.
amagi(2,3), mabi(2,3): ice.
amar: calf; young animal (áma, 'wild cow mother', + re7, 'to accompany, plural') [AMAR archaic frequency: 297].
ama: sheepfold, cattle-pen (é, 'house', + ma, 'goat').
ambar, abbar: marsh; reeds, canebrake (imi/im, 'clay, mud', + bar, 'to obtain').
ane: male donkey; onager; equid; pack animal (an,'sky; high', + è, terminative postposition = 'up to' = 'to raise up, carry') [ANE archaic frequency: 48; concatenates 4 sign variants;? KI archaic frequency: 46].
anzalub: reed pulp.
anzud(2), anzu(2)-(d)[dIM.MI/DUGUDmuen]: a mythical giant bird; vulture, eagle [ANZU2 archaic frequency: 1].
(i)apin: n., seeder plow (a, 'seed', + bun, 'to blow') [APIN archaic frequency: 181; concatenates 3 sign variants].
adj., describes a plow animal (also apin-è).
arad(2), urdu(2), ir3,11: (male) slave; servant; subordinate (Akk. loanword from wardum, 'male slave, man-servant') [IR11 archaic frequency: 10].
arah4[É.U.GÍD.DA]: storehouse.
arala, arali: the netherworld (hara/àra, 'to pulverize', + la, 'youthful freshness and beauty').
arhu: n., womb; compassion, pity (úr, 'base; root', + há, 'lower abdomen').
v., to be sympathetic.
(i)ásal, ásar: Euphrates poplar tree [ASAL2 archaic frequency: 16].
asil(3,4,5): (cf., asilal(3,4,5)).
asila: (cf., asilal).
asilal(3,4,5): joy, gladness.
aag, aa5 [GANÁ]: field, plot (cf., a-à-(g)).
agab: leather-dresser, currier (ku, 'leather', + gúb, 'to cleanse').
(ú)aki: bulrush (Typha grass; cf, únúmun) (é, 'rope', + kid(6), 'to weave a reed mat').
akud: wedge (as a device to bar a door); ramp (?).
alag: (cf., lúazlag).
ate: need; necessity; desirable or beloved object (á, 'to desire', + te, 'to approach'; cf., té).
azag: taboo.
lúazlag(2,3,4,5,6), alag: fuller, felt-worker; launderer (a, 'water', + zalag, 'to cleanse').
babbar(2): bright; white; the rising sun (reduplicated bar6, 'bright, white') [UD archaic frequency: 419].
báhar: potter [BAHAR2 archaic frequency: 50; concatenates 3 sign variants].
bala: lyre (?); drum (?); funeral song [? BALAG archaic frequency: 20].
banda2,4,5: prop, support.
bànda(da): young; junior; vigorous; impetuous; fierce; proud.
(i)banur(2,3): table; container [? BANUR archaic frequency: 7; concatenates 5 sign variants].
bappir(2/3): beer bread (a sweet and possibly pungent bread made from barley dough - mixed with malt [munu4] to make mash [titab] for beer); brewer [BAPPIR archaic frequency: 28; concatenates 6 sign variants].
barag, bára, bár; bara5,6: throne dais; king, ruler; cult platform; stand, support; crate, box; sack; chamber, dwelling (container plus ra(g), 'to pack') [? BARA2 archaic frequency: 69; concatenates 2 sign variants; ? ZATU-764 archaic frequency 21].
bárag, bàra, bàr [DAG]: nest [BARA3 archaic frequency: 13].
bariga [PI or UL(in Old Sumerian period)]: a measure of capacity - 36 sìla in the Old Sumerian period and 60 sìla in the Old Akkadian and Neo-Sumerian periods. Equals 6 bán. (bán-rig-a, 'the bán from picking, gleaning').
barzil (AN.BAR): (meteoric) iron (bar6, 'to shine', + zil, 'to cut, peel').
bibad[UZ.TUR]muen: duck.
billuda, biluda[PA.AN]: worship, cult, rite; ordinance.
(i)bugin: basket; trough.
buix, búgin: basket (for carrying food) (cf., buni).
bulug: shoot, sprout; barley malt; needle; awl; drill; seal pin; boundary post; border (bul, 'to sprout', + aka/ag, 'to do') [BULUG archaic frequency: 4].
bùlu: n., pupil, novice; foster child [BULUG3 archaic frequency: 19].
v., to grow; to grow big; to rear, make grow.
buluh: to worry; to be nervous, frightened; to hasten, hurry; fright.
bunix, punix, bunin: bitumen-coated reed container (for carrying liquids), vat, tub (bún/bux, 'blister; to be swollen', + ní, 'valuables').
buranun: Euphrates river (bu5, 'to rush around', + ra, 'to flood, overflow', + nun, 'great, noble').
buzur(2,4,5), puzur(2,4,5): safety, security; secret, mystery; a merchandise tax.
bùzur: hand, palm.
dabin [ZÌ.E]: coarse (?) barley flour.
dadag [UD.UD]: v., to clean, clear (reduplicated dág, 'brilliant, clean').
adj., brilliant; pure; sacred.
dagrim: fields, vicinity, precinct (cf., arim) (dag, 'resting place', + rim4, 'to run fast'; cf., bar-rim4).
daal: n., width, breadth (da, 'side', + gal/al, 'big') [AMA archaic frequency: 241; concatenates 2 sign variants].
v., to widen, enlarge; .
adj., wide, broad; copious.
dakkan, daggan: harem, living quarters, chamber (dag, 'dwelling', + gan, 'to bear').
dalhamun: tornado; violent storm; duststorm; whirlpool; riot, revolt (dal, 'to fly', + ha-mun, 'mutually opposing or contrasting').
dalhamun4: confusion, disorder.
danna, dana: road-length measure, 'march' = 30 U = 21600 cubits = ca. 6.7 miles/10.8 kilometers; double hour (twelfth part of a full day) = the time it takes to march a length of 1 danna (Akkadian etymology from 'place of strength or safety') [DANNA archaic frequency: 2].
didila: very small, young.
didli: assorted, various; separate, individual, single (reduplicated dili).
diir, dingir: god, deity; determinative for divine beings (di, 'decision', + ar, 'to deliver').
dìlib: hair, locks (cf., dalla, 'beam, ray', dálla, 'needle', and dul; dal, 'to cover, clothe, hide').
dílim, dél: spoon (dal, 'to fly, remove', + eme, 'tongue').
dìlim[BUN]: funnel-shaped bowl containing seeds for the drill plow.
dilmunki: the island of Bahrain, noted for its sweet water springs [DILMUN archaic frequency: 35].
dimgul: mast (dim, 'to bond, tie', + gul, 'enormous').
dinig[KI.NE]: potash; salt; crucible, kiln, brazier; air vent (dè, 'ashes', + naa, 'potash').
dirig, diri, dir [SI.A]: n., addition; excess; overdraft; trouble; amount by which credits of an account tablet exceed debits - appears in the credits section of the succeeding period's account tablet; intercalary month after either 11th month or 12th month (based as much on whether the winter crop will be ready for the harvest month as on the need to reconcile the lunar year with the solar year, which required an average of 7 intercalary months in 19 years) (cf., (gi)uub).
v., to go over; to float (with the current); to exceed, stand out; to be extra; to be darkened, eclipsed; to be erased; to be greater than, to surpass, to be supreme over (with dative/locative).
adj., superior, outstanding; surplus; superfluous; additional.
(i)dubik[ÍL], dupsik: basket.
dubur(2): testicles (dub, 'to store; to pour', + ir(2), 'tears or any bodily secretion').
dugud: n., weight; cloud [DUGUD archaic frequency: 2].
adj., massive; heavy; difficult, hard (du7, 'complete', + gud, 'bull').
IMdungu: cloud, cloudbank.
durah, dàra, dàr: mountain goat buck; ibex (dur, 'bond, tie', + áhi, 'arm') [DARA3 archaic frequency: 11; concatenation of 4 sign variants].
durun: (cf., duruna).
duruna, durun, dúru, dúr; durunx [DÚR.DÚR]: n., buttocks; anus; dwelling [DUR2 archaic frequency: 52].
v. plural, to sit; to be seated; to break wind; to dry out; to occupy, dwell; to set down, place (objects) (plural, cf., singular tu) (èd, 'to bring down (or up); to exit, drain' + úr, 'root, lap, thighs', + ùa/un, 'people').
dúruna, dilina, dìlim: oven for baking and roasting.
ebir(2), epir(2): small pot; beer mug.
ebla: a watery type of beer - 'light beer' (íb, 'waist', + lal/lá, 'to lessen').
edakua(2): fish bones (adda, 'skeleton', + ku6/kua, 'fish').
edimx, edin: earthenware vat for oil and fats.
edin, eden: n., steppe, plain; grazing land between the two long rivers; back, spine (éd, 'to send forth', + in, 'straw') [EDIN archaic frequency: 5].
prep., on; against.
egir2,3, egi(2): princess.
ear, iar: brick wall (é, 'house', + ar, 'to deposit'/ar8, 'to mortar bricks').
eir, eer: n., back; stern (of a ship); end; limit; future; inheritance.
prep., behind.
adv., afterwards.
elamku(2,3,4): bladder (élla, 'kidneys', + ku, 'skin').
ella [LAGAB]: hoop or wooden ball ?; driving stick ?; bow ?; block of wood; a number word.
élla: kidneys.
emedu(2): house/estate-born slave (eme, 'mammy', + tud/dú, 'to be born').
éme: summer.
endub, endib: cook (en, 'lord', + dub, 'to move in a circle, shake') [ENDIB archaic frequency: 6].
engar: irrigator, farmer (en, 'lord', + agar, 'field'; Akk. 'ikkar from Semitic "to hoe, cultivate").
engiz [ME.EN.GI]: cook (en, 'lord', + gaz, 'to fracture, crush, slaughter') [ENGIZ archaic frequency: 22].
engur: subsoil water; abyssal sea of fresh water (a, 'water', + na, 'to drink', + úr, 'floor; root'; cf., an-gur4).
(i)enkara: a weapon.
enku: fishing overseer (en, 'lord', + ku6/kua, 'fish'; same signs (ZAG.HA) as esad).
enkux [ZAG-HI-A]: tax assessment official.
enkum: temple treasurer; guardian deity of the foundations [ENKUM archaic frequency: 14].
enmen, emmen, immen, immin, emma, imma: thirst (en, 'time', + mun, 'salt').
énmen, émmen, ímmen, ímmin, émma, ímma: to drink beer.
ensi(3): dream interpreter (en, 'enigmatic background' + sig7, 'to dwell; to complete' ?) [ENSI archaic frequency: 8].
énsi(-k): city ruler (Old Sumerian); city governor (post-Sargonic) (en, 'lord, manager', + si, 'plowland', + genitive; cf., nísa, 'governor') [ENSI2 archaic frequency: 1].
enten(a): winter (en, 'time', + ten, 'cold', + a(k), 'of').
ere, ere ?[NIN]: queen, lady.
ere5[GAL-AN-ZU]: knowing, intelligent.
erib: daughter-in-law.
erim, érin, éren: man, servant, soldier; troops, army; gang of workers; people, folk [ERIM archaic frequency: 175; concatenation of 3 sign variants].
érim, erin7, rim(3): n., enemy; destruction [ERIM2 archaic frequency: 20].
adj., hostile; evil.
erim3,4,5: treasury, storehouse; treasures.
(i im)erin, eren: cedar; to anoint with cedar-oil [ERIN archaic frequency: 105].
érin, rín: balance scale (cf., erim).
erum2,3, eru2,3: slavegirl.
esa: heir son (a/e4, 'seed, offspring', + sa, 'first, prime').
ésa[Á×E]; esax[É×E; É.E; É.SA]: granary, storeroom (é, 'house, temple', + sa, 'first, prime').
(na4)esig, esi: good, fine; solid, strong; ebony; diorite; olivine-gabbro.
esir(2): crude bitumen (usu, 'strength' or esi, 'strong', + ir(2), 'liquid secretion').
kuèsir: sandal; shoe.
eda: (cf., íta).
èda: (cf., ita).
eemen(2,3): jump rope; play; celebration (ée, 'rope', + men, 'both, two').
egar: (cf., zeh) [? EGAR archaic frequency: 12].
ekiri, egiri: nose rope, halter, bridle; jumping rope (ée, 'rope', + kìri, 'nose, muzzle').
esad: fisherman (ée, 'rope', + sud, 'to immerse, sink'; same signs (ZAG.HA) as enku).
etubku6: a river carp: binnî.
ezem: (cf., ezen).
ezen, ezem: festival, feast (uzu, 'cut of meat', + en, 'time') [EZEN archaic frequency: 114; concatenation of 3 sign variants].
ezinu: grain, cereal; the deity Anan [EZINU archaic frequency: 24; concatenation of 4 sign variants].
gagar [KI]: area.
gagig: to lament; to wail (gù, 'to exclaim', + gig, 'illness; injury').
gakkul: clay brewing-vessel, mash tun.
galam: n., stairs.
v., to ascend, climb.
adj., ingenious, clever, artistic, complicated, elaborate; tall, high.
gamar: to be overwhelming (gam, 'to kneel', + mer, 'violent storm').
gamun: cumin; caraway seed.
ganam4, gana4: (cf., us5, u8).
ganam6, gana6 [DARA4]: ewe.
ganba: marketplace; price equivalent.
ganzer(2,3): darkness; the netherworld (cf., ga-an-zír).
garadin(4,5), karadin(4,5): shock, pile of sheaves (on a harvested field) (guru7, 'grain heap', + tun(3), 'to constrict').
gara: straw; supply master.
gára, kara: military encampment; catastrophe.
gàrasar: leek(s).
gara3,4: decision; oracle.
gaam: craftsman, artisan; skilled person; job, work; office holder; wisdom.
gaan: lady, mistress; queen (cf., ga-a-an) (Emesal dialect word, in which nin becomes an).
gau: intelligent.
gazinbu, gazimbi, gazibu: pole; stake; beam.
gibil(4): new; fresh; renewal; to renovate (gúb, 'to purify, cleanse', + ul, 'to shine') [GIBIL archaic frequency: 77].
gíbil: to burn; burning (gu7, 'to consume', + bil, 'to burn').
gidim(2,4,7): spirit, ghost (gig, 'to be sick', + dìm, 'sickness demon', or gi6, 'black', + dim4, 'to approach').
gidim6, gidi6: eclipsed, darkened (gíg/gi6, 'black', + dím, 'to make').
(i)gigir(2): wheel(s); chariot; wagon; coach (reduplicated gur4/gir8, 'to turn, roll') [PU2 archaic frequency: 37].
gilim-(b), gili, gil, gi16: n., reed bundle; dancer; bride crown (gi, 'reeds', + lam, 'abundance') [GIL archaic frequency: 1].
v., to twist; to bend, bow; to cross, bar; to fence off; to lie athwart; to go across; to cross plow; to mess up.
adj., to be twisted, tangled; opaque; to be corrupted; destroyed.
girim, girin, gir8: piece of clay; to detach a piece of clay; to creep or glide on the ground (gur5, 'to separate, divide', + imi/im, 'clay'; cf., gurun).
gìrim, gírin: (cf., gurun).
giri: butterfly; moth.
gitlam(2,3,4), nit(a)lam(2,3,4): lover; honeymooner; first husband; spouse (nitah, 'male, man', + lam, 'luxuriance').
gúdibir: war (gud(2), 'warrior', + bir, 'to wreck, murder').
gudug, gudu4, gúda: a ritually pure, linen-clothed priest who cares for and feeds the gods; divinely anointed.
gukin(2): entire inhabited world.
gukkal [KUN.GAL]: (cf., kungal).
gunni: kiln; stove.
gurdub: reed basket.
gurud(2): to throw.
gurum[GAM]: n., heap, pile; arched beam; bending.
v., to be bent; to subdue.
gúrum: inspection.
gurun, gurin; girin, girim; gìrim, gírin: fruit; berry; flower (cf., gi-rin) (gúr, 'sphere', + an, 'high'; cf., kurun).
guru, uru: sledge (archaic pictogram); adult workman, laborer (human sledge); young man (gúr, 'wheels' [cf., gigir], + u, 'to stand upon') [? GURU archaic frequency: 68; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
guru3,4, guru5, gur5; kur5: to circumcise (?); to trim away, strip; to cut, clip (a part of the body); to notch, incise; to fell trees; to be parted, relieved of (gur10, 'sickle', + ì/u, 'penis').
guruda: (cf., kuruda).
guzza: throne; chair.
adub: tablet container (ar;á, 'to store', + dub, 'clay tablets'; cf, lúa13[Á]-dub-ba).
agia: cloister; reed basket; a measure of fish.
alga, malga: advice, counsel; wise one; reflection, consideration (loan from Akkadian milkum; cf., Orel & Stolbova #1791 *mulak-/*mulik- 'stranger, chief') [GALGA archaic frequency: 16; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
ansis, asisx: darkness; the netherworld; eclipse.
anun: barn, storehouse, granary (ar;á, 'storeroom', + nun, 'great') [GANUN archaic frequency: 3].
arim: pool, pond (cf., dagrim) (ar, 'storeroom', + imi/im, 'clay, mud').
arza, arzu[PA.DIIR]: custom(s); rite(s); divine or royal orders (ar, 'form, appearance' or ar, 'to deliver', + zu, 'to know').
árza, árzu, irza[PA.LUGAL]: office, duties; rules.
ebu, eba, epa[I-UB]: boomerang; throw-stick.
ébu, épu[U.DIM4]: fist(s); grappling hook for a wrestler (i, 'wooden tool', + bu(6), 'to pull, draw').
eta, e2,3,4, i2,3: sixty (i, 'tool', + tar, 'to cut; to determine' ?).
etin: vine; wine; grape juice; bunch of grapes (i, 'tree', + tin, 'life; wine') [GETIN archaic frequency: 42; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
etug(2,3), etu(2,3)[PI]: n., ear(s); hearing; understanding, intelligence (i, 'tool', + tuku/tug, 'to receive') [GETUG archaic frequency: 108; concatenation of 5 sign variants].
v., to hear; to understand.
e'u: (cf., é×u in compound section).
(i)idru, idri[PA]: stick; staff; scepter; stick used to measure the height of a pile of grain (i, 'wood', + dúru, 'low end, base' where stick was thrust to the base of a grain pile; cf., duru6 reading of PA and e i-è-a).
iri(2): to dive; to sink, founder (reduplicated iri5, 'to seek refuge').
(i)isal: oar; rudder (i, 'wooden tool', + sal, 'thin, wide') [GISAL archaic frequency: 3; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
iskim, ikim, iskim, izkim, izkim: sign, signal; omen (i, 'tool', + kí, 'message').
issu, izzu[I.MI]: shadow; shade (i, 'tool, agent', + su, 'substitute'[Akk. tarib(t)um]).
ibun: (cultic) feast.
igal: chair; throne; station (i, 'wooden thing', + gal, 'big, great') [GIGAL archaic frequency: 9].
(i)iimmar: date palm; trunk of a date palm tree (cf., (i)nimbar) [GIIMMAR archaic frequency: 55; concatenation of 5 sign variants].
izzal: attention; intelligence (i,'tool', + zal,'to pass time') [? GIZZAL archaic frequency: 1].
uru: (cf., guru).
ukin: (now read as kù-sig17).
uur: rafter beam (i, 'wood, tool', + ùr, 'roof; beam').
habrud: cesspit; pit, hole; cave, cavern (hab, 'to stink', + bùru(-d), 'hole').
halba(2,3), halbi(2,3): frost, freezing.
harub[DAG.KISIM5]: carob.
(i)hahur: apple (?); apricot (?) (ha, 'to break off (twigs or branches)', + gurun;gúr, 'fruit; sphere') [HAHUR archaic frequency: 101].
(gi)henbur(2): (green) reed shoots, stalks (he, 'abundant', + in, 'discrete individuals', + buru14/bur14, 'harvest').
henzer: weakling; cripple; infant.
hilib: netherworld (possible foreign loanword).
hirin, hirim: the root stalks of the spikenard, imported from India, and used in perfumes; a weed grass (he, 'abundant', + ir, 'perfume', + in, 'straw').
hubur: netherworld (hab, 'to rot, stink', + úr, 'root; base').
huluh: to tremble; to be terrified; to terrify.
ibila: son; heir, successor; inheritance (íb (subj. prefix) + íla, 'he carries it').
idigna: the Tigris river (ída/íd, 'river', + ì, 'impersonal verbal conjugation prefix', + in, 'to go', + nominative a, "the river that goes", the Tigris was a faster-moving river than the Euphrates; it was less likely to overflow because, not depositing as much silt, it did not built up its bed as high) [? IDIGNA archaic frequency: 25].
idim: n., spring, underground water; weight, mass (ída, 'river', + mú, 'to sprout, appear').
adj., wild, raging, mad; considerable, distinguished.
ígira: heron (igi, 'the eye', + ra, 'to strike').
(i)ildag(2,3): a species of poplar tree (íl, 'to be high; to shine', + dág, 'brilliant').
ilduma(2,3), ildum(2/3), ildu(2/3): crowd [ILDUM archaic frequency: 5; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
ilimmu: nine (ía/í, 'five', + limmu, 'four').
(i)illuru, illulu, illar: throw-stick; javelin; bow; arc (íla, 'to lift', + ru, 'to send').
imaa(2,3): husked (?) emmer wheat.
imin(2,3): seven; totality; innumerable; all (ía/í, 'five', + min, 'two').
immal(2): milk cow (cf., im-ma-al).
immen, immin, imma: (cf., enmen).
ímmen, ímmin, ímma: (cf., énmen).
immindu: roasting, baking oven (imi/im, 'clay', + ninda, 'bread').
imhur[IGI.A]: foam.
inim: word; statement; command, order, decree; oath, agreement; matter, affair, concern, subject (in, 'one discrete individual', + eme, 'speech').
isimu2,3, isim2,3: shoot, sprout; offspring, descendant (i, 'sprout', + si, 'straight, long, narrow', + mú, 'to grow').
isi2,3: n., moaning; laughter.
v., to weep; to laugh.
iskim: (cf., iskim).
iib: n., priest who performs exorcisms, incantations, lustrations and purification.
adj., clean; anointed.
iin [PA-E]: stalk.
itima, itim, idi: cella, chapel.
itud, itid, itu, iti, id8; it4,id4: moon; month; moonlight (te, 'to approach, meet', + ud, 'sun').
izkim: (cf., iskim).
kabar, kapar[PA.DAG.KISIM5×GAG]: shepherd boy (ká, 'gate', + bar, 'to open').
kadra(2): gift, bribe (kad4, 'to tie together', + ru, 'present, gift').
kalag, kala, kal: v., to repair, mend (kal, 'excellent', + aka/ag, 'to make').
adj., strong; swift [GURU+2-N14 (wagon pictogram) archaic frequency: 7; concatenation of 3 sign variants].
kalam: the land (of Sumer); nation [KALAM archaic frequency: 91; concatenates 6 sign variants].
kankal: hard soil; uncultivated land (ki, 'earth, place', + nu, 'not', + kal[-l], 'excellent, valuable').
kapar: (cf., kabar).
kaskal: expedition, caravan; road; journey (ka4/kas4, 'to travel fast', + kalag/kal, 'swift') [KASKAL archaic frequency: 35].
kabir: small beer; sweet beer (ka, 'beer', + bír, 'to sniff').
keda, kedr?, ké-(d): n., knot; taboo; inhibition (ki, 'place', + ita4, 'to bind') [KE2 archaic frequency: 6].
v., to bind, wrap, tie; to join; to fasten; to harness; to snatch.
(i)keda: weir.
kíbir: firewood, kindling.
(i)kíbir: pitchfork.
na4kikkin [HAR]: mortar.
kíkkin [HAR.HAR]: milling; mill house; adj. for milling women (reduplicated kín, 'hand mill').
kilib[LAGAB]: package, bundle.
kìlib, kìli: totality; star(s).
kilim, gílim, gilili: group of (wild) animals; rodents or other very small mammals.
kinbur: bird's nest or perch (ki, 'place', + an, 'high', + bùru/bùr, 'receptacle').
kinda: barber.
kínda[URI]; kindax[LAK-419]: a type of vessel for measuring barley or holding water.
kindaal(2): overseer of a group of (five) slaves.
kingal: commander, director (kí, 'to order', + gal, 'big, great') [KINGAL archaic frequency: 39].
kingusili: greater part; five-sixths (5/6) (kí, 'task', + sílig, 'hand [of five fingers]').
kirai: emmer wheat for making beer.
kisal: courtyard; weight measure (ki, 'place', + sal, 'spacious') [KISAL archaic frequency: 145 ?; concatenates 5 ? sign variants].
kisim(3,5,6,7): milk-processing wasters; spoiled milk; smelly cheese [KISIM archaic frequency: 67; concatenates 3 sign variants].
kisim(4): cheese maggot.
kisim2,3,5: stable, pen.
kislah(2)[KI.UD]: empty lot; threshing floor (ki, 'place', + luh/làh, 'to sweep clean'; cf., ki-sug8).
kissa: supporting wall.
kiib, kii5,10: mouse.
kiib(3): n., hand; fist; seal; sealed bulla; receipt (cf., ké, 'to snatch; to bind').
v., to seal.
kiib7,8,9, kii7,8,9: ant.
(i)kiik(2), kia(2), kii16/17[Ú.ÍR]: a thorny bush [? KIIK archaic frequency: 21; concatenates 3 sign variants].
kúkku [MI.MI]: dark.
kukku, kukku ? [I]: a type of flour.
kunga[Ú.MUL]; kúnga[BAR.AN, Ú.AN]: donkey; onager; mule.
kungal, gukkal [LU.HÚL]: fat-tailed sheep (kun, 'tail', + gal, 'big') [GUKKAL archaic frequency: 36; concatenation of 4 sign variants].
kunix, kúnin: refined asphalt, bitumen (ku, 'to build', + ní, 'assets').
kurku(2): bounty, abundance (reduplicated kur9, 'to deliver').
kurum6, kur6: a basket of food-rations; share(s).
kurum7, kuru7, kur7: n., lookout, spy (ki, 'place', + ùru(-m), 'to watch, guard').
v., to watch.
kurun(2,3): sweet red wine; wine grape, grapevine, or grape cluster (cf., gurun).
kuru, ku6, ku7: sweet; plump, fat; honey (cf., kuruda).
kuruda, guruda, kurua ?: sweet fodder (for fattening cattle); fattener (of cattle); stock-breeder (kuru, 'sweet; fat', + da(5), 'side; to surround' ?) [GURUDA archaic frequency: 61].
kuum: to scorn, reject, hurt; to abandon (ki, 'place', + uum, 'solitary').
kuumx, kuu[U.PIRI]: herd of cattle or sheep.
lagab: block, slab (of stone); trunk (of tree) (cf., kilib) (lag, 'clod, piece', + gub, 'to stand') [LAGAB archaic frequency: 84; concatenates 2 sign variants].
lagar: temple servant who pronounces invocations to the god [LAGAR archaic frequency: 51; concatenates 4 sign variants].
lagarx[SAL.HÚB]: (divine) vizier; a high ranking cultic functionary.
lahtan(2): beer vat [LAHTAN2 archaic frequency: 7].
lahtanx, lahta: a washing vessel (luh/làh, 'to wash', + tán, 'to become clean').
libir: n., old age [LIBIR archaic frequency: 1].
v., to last long; to live long.
adj., old, ancient; traditional; used, worn (la, 'youthful freshness', + bír, 'to shrivel up').
libi, lipi: courage; anger; core, heart; family (Akk. libbu 'heart').
lidim: to receive (in charity) (la, 'abundance', + dim4, 'to beg').
lilib[IGI.IGI]: to steal.
liliz: a drum.
lillan: stalk with ripe ear of grain.
lirum, liru, liri: n., physical strength.
adj., strong, powerful.
lugal: king; owner, master (lú, 'man', + gal, 'big') [LUGAL archaic frequency: 80].
lugud, luud(?): pus; serous fluid (lú, 'fault, error' + éd, 'to emerge').
lúgud: short; short person (lú, 'person', + gud8, 'short').
lukur: chaste priestess, nun; courtesan (?) (lú, 'grown man', + kúr, 'hostile').
lulim: stag, hart (male of the red deer; cf., má-lulim) (Akkadian loanword).
luhummu[I-MI]: mud (cf., lu-hu-um).
lunga(2,3), lumgi(2,3): (cf., lúningi(2,3)).
makka(2): wailing; clamor (mah, 'great',? + ku7, 'devastation').
mangaga: palm fiber, bast (man, 'partner', + gag, 'peg, nail', + a(k), 'genitive').
mada: drawing; gazelle (má, 'to scrutinize', + dù, 'to make, apply') [? DARA3 archaic frequency: 11; concatenation of 4 sign variants].
mada(2): commoner; destitute.
makim: inspector, monitor, sheriff, commissioner (má, 'to inspect', + kí, 'work').
megida(2), megidda(2): sow (female pig).
mezem [ÚMBISAG]: maintenance, support (?).
middu(2), mitum(2): mace (the weapon).
mudla, madlu, mudul: pole; stake (mud, 'a right-angled tool', + lal/lá, 'to hang').
múdru: fuller; launderer (mur10/mu4, 'to clothe oneself', + duru5, 'moist, fresh').
muhaldim [MU]: baker, cook (mù, 'to mill, grind', + hal, 'to divide; portion', + dím, 'to fashion, create').
mùnsub: shepherd.
munub(2): hair; hairy skin; pelt, hide; barber ('it falls down oneself') [? MUNUB archaic frequency: 3; concatenates 2 sign variants].
munus[SAL]; nunus[Emesal]: female; woman (this pronunciation found in absolute inflection, cf., mí) (mí, 'woman', + nuz/nus, 'egg') (cf., mí/mu10, nunuz, and etymology of nitah).
úmunzur[KI.AN.E.KI]: bitter plants.
murgu: dung (sheep).
murgu(2), mur7,8: neck; back; shoulders; ridge (mur, 'lungs', + gú, 'neck').
murub(2): vulva; woman; sexual charm [MURUB2 archaic frequency: 4].
murub4, múru: central, median area; middle; waist, hips; in-between terrain; interval; battle (mur10, 'to dress oneself', + íb, 'middle; loins'; cf., itimurub4).
murum5,11, muru3,5, urum: brother-in-law (mí, 'woman', + ùru(-m), 'to watch, guard' or úrum, 'relatives').
muen: bird (mu, 'reptile', + an, 'sky') [MUEN archaic frequency: 178].
muagana: voracious hunger.
naar: adze, wood-chisel; carpenter; craftsman (na4, 'stone', + ír, 'knife') [NAGAR archaic frequency: 168; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
naa, nii [AN.NA]: tin, pewter (ní, 'valuable thing', + ar;á, 'to store').
nameda[ITA.I.NÁM]: top warrior, king (lit., 'the power of the mace').
nanam: n., true measure (na4, 'token, counter', + nam, 'destiny' or just reduplicated nam).
adj., reliable, true; honest, decent.
dnanna: the moon as a god [NANNA archaic frequency: 49; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
nidba(2): (cf., nindaba).
nigida[PI]: (cf., ni-gi-da ;bariga).
niar[NI9.AR]: a dark room; premature or monstrous fetus (ni9,'premature birth', + ar,'to deliver').
niin(2): n., enclosure, circle; capacity; whole (cf., kilib and gur4-gur4) [NIGIN archaic frequency: 11].
v., to halt, turn away; to turn round; to surround; to assemble; to pen up cattle; to wander about; to circle; to make the rounds (usually níin[LAGAB] for hamtu form and niin or ni10-ni10[LAGAB.LAGAB] for marû form) (ní;ne4, 'fear', + in, 'to go').
niin(2,3): vertigo (as a disease); faintness, dizziness; thirst.
nìin, ni9: premature or stillborn child; malformed child; monstrosity.
niin5,7,8,9, nimen(3,4,5); naa: district, province.
niir(2), miir(2): a bride's male attendant; herald, night watchman, town crier; bailiff (probable conflation of separate words: mí,'woman' and nim,'morning', + ar,'to deliver') [NIMGIR archaic frequency: 62].
(i)nimbar: date-palm (nim, 'to be high', + bar;bur, 'to release; meal').
nimgir(2): (cf., niir(2)).
nimin, nin5: forty (ni, 'twenty', + min, 'two').
nimur[KI.NE]: kiln; potash.
nimurx[PIRI.TUR]: leopard, panther (from Akk. nimru(m) I).
ninda: bread; bakery good; food (ní, 'valuables', + dar, 'to slice') [GAR archaic frequency: 409].
nindan, ninda: a length measure, rod = 12 cubits (kù) = 6 meters; one side of a sar/ar, 'garden plot' square measure (from Akk. middatu, mindatu, 'to measure').
nínda, inda; índa: hopper or seeding apparatus of the seeder plow; funnel, tube; flower; bushel; pure-bred breeding bull; fish roe; milt; ancestors (from Akk. middatu, mindatu, 'to measure') [NINDA2 archaic frequency: 20].
nindaba(2), nidba(2): food offering (ninda, 'food', + ba, 'to give').
lúningi(2,3), lunga(2,3), lumgi(2,3): brewer (na, 'to drink'; lum, 'to be satiated, full'; lùm, 'a small pot').
ninindu, nindu, inda4: oven; stove (cf., immindu).
ninkum[NIN.PAB.SIG7.NUN.ME.UBARA]: temple treasurer; guardian deity of the foundations [NINKUM archaic frequency: 11].
nisa(2), nesa(2): first fruits (offering); spring time (month); dough; wine cellar ?; foremost; governor (ní, 'self; vigor', + sa, 'first') [NISAG2 archaic frequency: 94; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
nisig, nisi, nissa: n., greens, vegetables (ní, 'valuables', + sig7, 'green, yellow').
adj., beautiful; blue; green.
nitadam, nitalam: wife.
nitah(2), nita(2): male; man; manly (ní,'self', + tah,'to multiply') [GI3 archaic frequency: 16; concatenation of 2 sign variants; U archaic frequency: 101; concatenates 2 sign variants].
numun, nuunx, niunx: n., seed; sowing; cornfield; offspring, progeny (ní, 'thing', + gùn, 'dots, speckles') [NUMUN archaic frequency: 22].
v., to produce.
(ú)númun: a type of grass (halfâ'), rushes (cf., úaki) [NUMUN2 archaic frequency: 2].
nundum, nundun: lip (reduplicated tùn, 'lip').
nunuz, nunus: egg(s); offspring; female (reduplicated nuz, 'egg') [NUNUZ archaic frequency: 134; concatenation of 5 sign variants].
palil(2): advance troops, shock troops, leader (bala, 'to cross over', + lú, 'men').
parim: arid land; dry land (as opposed to marsh land or water) (cf., bar-rim4).
piri(3): lion (poetic); light (bar6/7, 'to shine', + ní, 'thing') [PIRIG archaic frequency: 103; concatenation of 5 sign variants].
píri: bright.
pisa(2/3), pisan(2/3): (open) basket; box, chest; frame (bad/be, 'to open', + sa, 'head').
punix: (cf., bunix).
puzur: (cf., buzur).
sabad(2,3), sad2,3,4 [Á×U, Á×BAD, Á×SIG7 ]; ab, sab [PA.IB]: hips, loins; middle (su, 'body', + bad, 'to open').
sadulx[U+SA]: hat, headdress (sa, 'head', + dul, 'to cover, protect').
saa(2,3,4), sana(2,3,4): a sprinkler, used for ritual cleaning; economic director of a temple or occupation (such as all the smiths) (sa, 'head', + ar;á, 'to store') [SANGA archaic frequency: 530; concatenates 3 sign variants].
sau: helmet, cap, headdress (sa, 'head', + ú/ú, 'to cover') [SAGU archaic frequency: 14].
satag, santak(2,3,4): triangle; (written) wedge; single (sa, 'head', + tag, 'to hold').
satux[U+SA]: hat, headdress (sa, 'head', + tu, 'to reside, sit').
(i)sahab(2), suhub3,4: bar, bolt (of a door).
sahar: silt, dust, sand, earth, mud, loam; rubbish; sediment (cf., ku7) (sa5, 'red-brown', + hara, 'crushed, pulverized').
dugsáhar [SAR]: clay pot.
saman(2,3): yoke, leash, or rope (for an ox).
sana(2,3,4): (cf., saa).
santana, andana, andan: herbalist, horticulturist, date orchard administrator (sa, 'head, human', + tin, 'to cure'; cf. also, e4, 'chills' and e6, 'to be hot') [ANDANA archaic frequency: 3; concatenates 2 sign variants].
sidug: ravine; pit; pitfall; trap (si, 'to be straight, narrow', + dug, 'vessel').
sikil: v., to be/make clean, pure (siki, 'hair' ?, + ul, 'to shine'; cf., suku5, 'to shine brightly', sig7, 'to create; to make beautiful') [SIKIL archaic frequency: 7].
adj., clean, fresh, pure, virginal.
sila, sila11: to knead (dough or clay); to slay.
silig: (cf., ilig).
sílig: hand.
silig3,4: sin.
silim[DI]: to be/make in good shape, healthy, complete (usually considered Akk. loanword, root means 'peace' in 18 of 21 Semitic languages, but Sumerians used word in greeting and root not in Orel & Stolbova's Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary; cf., sil5, 'pleasure, joy', + lum, 'to grow luxuriantly').
simug: metal-sculptor, smith (si4, 'red', + mug, 'to engrave') [SIMUG archaic frequency: 13].
sipad, sibad, sipa; uba; sub2,3: n., shepherd; keeper [SIPA archaic frequency: 4].
v., to pasture, tend (si, 'to keep in order', + bad, 'to let out', or pàd, 'to find').
sipar: (cf., zabar).
siskur(2), sizkur(2): n., offering, sacrifice with entreaties, prayers, rites.
v., to pray; to sacrifice (isi2,3, 'to weep', + kur9, 'to bring, deliver').
subar: slave; Northerner (su, 'body', + bar, 'foreign').
dsuena, dsuen[EN.ZU]: the moon (sú, 'knowledge', + en(2,3), 'time', + -/ak/, 'of').
suin, sumun, sun, um4[BAD]: n., rot, decay; something rotten; the past (su, 'body', + in, 'to go') [? ZATU-644 archaic frequency: 65; concatenation of 2 sign variants].
v., to decay; to ruin.
adj., old, ancient.
suhirin[SU7.SUM]: the threshing floor with the piles of grain and straw (su7, 'threshing floor', + hirin, 'sweet smelling grass').
suhur: n., hair, scalp; tree top; crest (su6, 'beard', + he, 'abundant', + ùr, 'roof'; cf., suhu) [SUHUR archaic frequency: 239].
v., to trim or comb the hair; to scratch; to make an incision.
suhurku6: giant carp, barbel.
suhu: roots; support, foundation; to lift; support (su4, 'to grow, multiply', + he, 'abundant', + u, 'to support'; cf., suhur).
sukkal: messenger, courier, envoy, representative; minister, vizier (su, 'body', + kalag/kal, 'strong, swift') [SUKKAL archaic frequency: 130].
sukud; zugud: n., height; depth (su, 'body', + gíd, 'long') [SUKUD archaic frequency: 15].
v., to be/make high.
adj., high; tall.
súkud, suku5: to measure, distribute; to flash, shine brightly (cf., zú...kud/ku5).
sulummar[KI.SA.DU]: disgrace.
suma: a common marine fish [SUMA archaic frequency: 3].
sumug(3,4,5), samag(3,4,5): mole; birthmark (su, 'flesh', + mug, 'to engrave; sty').
sumun: (cf., suin).
sumur, úr, súr: n., fierceness (Akkadian loanword - amru, 'fierce, enraged, wild') [UR2 archaic frequency: 17; concatenates 2 sign variants].
v., to be enraged (against someone: -da-).
adj., fierce; furious; stubborn.
surim: (cf., surin).
susbu: clean, bathed; a priest.
abra, apra [PA.AL]: temple administrator; commissioner (ab, 'to gather up', + ru, 'to give') [ABRA archaic frequency: 1].
agan, akan: a large jar for oil; god of wild creatures (ag4/à, 'stomach, container', + gan, 'to bring forth') [? AGAN archaic frequency: 55].
aggina, aggin, agina: military governor (ag4, 'guts', + gi-na, 'steady, reliable') [? AGINA archaic frequency: 1].
aar: hunger (cf., à-ar).
akan: (cf., agan).
ákan: official in charge of expenditures - comptroller (u, 'portion', + gan, 'to bring forth'; cf. also, aggina).
akar: milk jug (ag4/à, 'stomach, container', + kir, 'cow').
dugakira(3), akir(3): butter tub, churn; churning; pitcher (ag4/à, 'stomach, container', + kir, 'cow' + /ak/, genitive) [AKIRA3 archaic frequency: 56; concatenates 3 sign variants].
úakira(2), akir(2): henbane.
andana: (cf., santana).
aran; arin: tick, bedbug (ár, 'to be numerous', + in, 'straw').
ardi, are[ÁR×DI]; argalx[ÁR×GAL]: '216000'.
assuk[SA-GÍN]: registrar of deeds.
edur: caterpillar cocoon (ée, 'rope', + dúr, 'dwelling').
embi: kohl; antimony (as makeup).
enbar: a type of wild boar (?); Mesopotamian fallow deer (?) (eg9, 'boar', + bar, 'foreign').
(i)ennur: a fruit tree, quince or medlar [ENNUR archaic frequency: 11; concatenates 2 sign variants].
erim(2), erin, sérim: a part of the loom - either the harness or the heddle [TAG archaic frequency: 48 ?; concatenates 7 ? sign variants].
erimsur: caterpillar cocoon (erim, 'part of a weaving loom', + zar/sur8, 'to exude; to spin [a cocoon]').
(i)ibir, sibir: n., shepherd's staff ending in a curved end, i.e., a crook; also such a staff used by a god or king as a scepter (sipad; uba, 'shepherd', + re7, 'to lead; to bear').
adj., slanted, crooked.
idim, itim, idi[GIM]: architect, mason (id3,4,5, 'to bind', + dím, 'to build, make') [IDIM archaic frequency: 35].
ikin2,3: a jar for body oil, ointment, salve.
ilam: milk-producing mother cow (u, 'to pour', + lam, 'abundance').
ilig(5), silig(5): v., to cease, stop; to lay aside one's work.
adj., extremely powerful, strong(cf., (i)ilig and nam-ilig).
(i)ilig: axe.
(i)inig: tamarisk.
iten: course of march; passage (ìta, 'channel', + un, 'people').
itim: (cf., idim).
ubun: (cf., ibun).
ubur: earth; slave, deprived person [UBUR archaic frequency: 181].
udug(2), utug(2): a reed hut for purification rites; basket.
(i)udun(2,3,4,5), (i)udul(2,3,4,5), (i)util: yoke, crosspiece (ú/ú, 'to cover', + dun(4), 'warp yarns connecting opposite sides of a loom frame' and dul, 'to cover').
(ku)uhub(2), suhub(2) [MUL]: n., boots (ú/ú, 'to cover', + gub, 'to stand').
v., to step; to feed by grazing; to trample.
giukur: fence.
(urudu/i)ukur: spear, lance (u, 'hand', + kúr, 'enemy').
urun, urim: animal excrement, dung; stable (ur, 'to flow, drip', + imi/im, 'clay, mud').
urun4,5, urin4,5: cockroach; cricket.
uana: one third (part).
uur(2): stove grill (ú, 'to cover', + ùru, 'hot, luminous metal').
utum[GI.NA.AB.UL]: lizard.
tabira, tibira: metalworker (tab, 'to hold, clasp', + ùru, 'luminous object').
taltal: knowledge, experience, wisdom (reduplicated tál, 'understanding').
(i)takarin, taskarin[TÚG]: box shrub or small tree (or its heavy, hard wood) (may be Akk. loan).
temen[TE]: perimeter; foundations; foundation-charter; foundation platform; a figure on the ground made of ropes stretched between pegs; excavation (often written te-me-en) [TE archaic frequency: 199].
telug: small young animal, fledgling.
tibir: carving knife.
tibir(2,3,4,5): hand; palm; blow, strike ('life' + 'open, release' ? 'the beggar's open palm').
tíbira, ibira: merchant, tradesman (Proverb 3.108 describes how the peddler 'flays' or 'skins' the open hand of the customer).
tidnum[UG-UG or ÚG-ÚG], midnum: tiger ?, leopard ? [? TIDNUM archaic frequency: 1].
tilhar: cloud.
tilmun: distinguished, respectful.
titab(2): beer mash - bappir mixed with munu4 and allowed to ferment (tìl/ti, 'life', + tab, 'to burn').
tugul: hip, thigh (túg, 'cloth garment', + íla, 'to lift, carry').
(i)tukul: mace (thigh bone ?); weapon.
tukum, tukun: if, in case; at once.
tukumbi: if, in case; please; certainly (usually followed by hamtu verb form).
túkur[KA×E]: to gnaw, nibble; silence.
ubara[EZEN×KASKAL]: patronage, protection.
ubilla(2): soot (ú, 'plant', + bil, 'to burn', + lal/lá, 'to be deficient, light, high').
ubur: female breast, teat (ub4, 'cavity', + ir(2), 'liquid secretion').
udug, utug: pitfall; a demonic being.
údug, útug: a weapon.
udul/utul(3,4,5,6,10): herdsman (udu, 'sheep', + lú, 'man') [UDUL archaic frequency: 32; concatenates 4 sign variants].
udun[GIR4]: kiln (for pottery and bricks); oven.
ugnim: crowd; army; troops; workgang; campaign.
ugra: reed bundle.
ugula [PA]: overseer; captain; foreman (loan from Akkadian waklu where Christopher Ehret's 1995 Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic has *wax "to look at").
ugun[U.DAR/GÙN]: adorning speckles and lines; inlaid decoration (u, 'ten, many', + gùn, 'to decorate with colors' may be popular scribal etymology; cf., ug, 'lion, any deadly cat' + n, 'discrete point').
úgunu, úgun[GAAN]: lady, mistress, ruler; ointment, application.
ùgun, ugu(4): n., progenitor.
v., to beget, bear.
adj., natural, genetic.
ukum: dust (devil).
úkur: butcher (ug5, 'to kill', + kir, 'cow').
ukur3,4, uku2,5: n., poor man; poverty.
v., to be or become poor.
úku: cucumber.
ulul(2): binding; harness; leash, chain (u, 'ten, many', + lal, 'to strap, harness').
uluin: emmer beer.
úlutin: attractive, attention-getting.
umah: marsh, swamp (u, 'plant', + mah, 'high').
umbin: nail; claw; talon; hoof; nail impression (on a clay tablet); hair pin; wheel (of a chariot, wagon) [UMBIN archaic frequency: 34; concatenates 4 sign variants].
umbisa: scribe (umbin, 'nail impression [on a tablet]', + sa, 'individual human').
ummeda(2), éme: wetnurse; mammy (umu/um, 'nurse', + da, 'to hold, protect').
kuummud, ùmmu[EDIN.LÁ]: (goatskin) water bag.
umun: title of respect; Emesal dialect form of en.
úmun, umum: mold; raw form or material; idea; knowledge; scholarship [UMUN2 archaic frequency: 114].
ùmun: flea; louse.
umun5,6,11: (stagnant) pool; swamp; a swamp plant.
umu, u4: discernment; intelligence; reflection, consideration; decision (u6, 'to be impressed' + má, 'to examine, inspect').
unkin, ukkin: communal assembly, folkmoot (ùa/un, 'people', + kí/kin, 'to seek, fetch'; cf., unkin-ar-ra) [UKKIN archaic frequency: 108; concatenates 3 sign variants].
unug(2), unu(2): dwelling; fortress; jewelry, adornment; cheek; the city of Uruk (ùa/un, 'people', + ig, 'door') [UNUG archaic frequency: 206; concatenates 3 sign variants].
ùnug, unu6 [TEMEN.È = TE.AB]: elevated shrine, temple; living room; sanctuary.
ura[IB]: earth; loincloth; secret.
úrdu[ARAD×KUR]: (cf., arad).
úrgu: ferocity, rage (ur + gù, 'barking dog').
urim2,5, uri2,5: doorpost (cf., ùru(-m)) [URI5 archaic frequency: 21].
urin, ùri[E]: eagle; standard, emblem, banner; blood [E ZATU-523 archaic frequency: 25; concatenates 2 sign variants].
ursub(2), urrub(2): (cf., zurzub(2)).
urudu, uruda, urud: copper; metal (ùru, 'luminous object', + dù, 'to mould, cast') [URUDU archaic frequency: 61; concatenates 3 sign variants].
urugal: the netherworld (uru, 'city', + gal, 'big').
urum, uru6, ur7: spawn, fry.
úrum, uru7: relatives, kin.
usan(2): evening (cf., ú-si4 an).
ùsan: whip.
usug: (cf., uzug).
uar(2,3,4), uur(2,3,4), usar: (female) companion, neighbor (u, 'to support', + ára/ár, 'to praise') [UUR3 archaic frequency: 3; concatenates 3 sign variants].
ubar: weaver.
ubar(3/7): father-in-law; mother-in-law (ì/u, 'man; penis', + bar, 'outside; foreign').
uera: reed bundle (ú, 'plant', + ár, 'to be many').
(gi)uub[SI.A/DIRIG]: basket (u, 'to support, lift', + ub4, 'cavity, hole').
uum, uu: n., dragon, composite creature (u11, 'snake venom', + am, 'wild ox').
adj., solitary, alone.
uumgal: lord of all, sovereign; solitary; monster of composite powers, dragon (uum, 'dragon', + gal, 'great') [UUMGAL archaic frequency: 21].
utah, útu: dried, powdered milk; sky.
uttuku: (cf., ní-ka9).
utua(2): breed ram; breed bull (udu, 'sheep', + a, 'semen; father') [UTUA archaic frequency: 74; concatenates 2 sign variants].
utul: (cf., udul).
utul2,7: pot, kettle, cauldron (ú, 'food', + tal, 'large jug').
uzalag, uzalak[GE22]: area measure, = 1/4 of an iku (= 25 sar).
uzug, usug: tithe, tenth-part set aside (hà/u, 'ten', + zag, 'outside of').
uzug2,3,4,5: menstruating woman; woman isolated after birth; person under a taboo (cf., ú-sug4) (ú, 'blood', + zìg, 'to expend, go out').
(i)zabalam: juniper (cf., za-ba-lum) [? ZABALAM archaic frequency: 45; concatenates 2 sign variants].
zabar[UD.KA.BAR]: bronze (zil; zi; zé, 'to pare, cut', + bar6, 'bright, white'; Akk. siparrum, 'bronze' borrowed before vowel harmony changed Sumerian word; cf., barzil, 'iron') [ZABAR archaic frequency: 1].
zadim: jeweler; stone cutter (cf., za-dím) [ZADIM archaic frequency: 2].
zalag(2); zal: n., light, brightness; the light before dawn, early morning.
v., to shine, gleam; to illuminate; to cleanse, purify (often reduplicated).
adj., bright, luminous, radiant; pure.
zanbur: prowling, roaming; foraging (said of animals).
zibin(2): chrysalis, pupa; caterpillar (zi, 'life', + bun, 'blister').
zilulu[PA.IGAL]: peddler; vagabond (zil, 'to flay, pare' ?, + lú-ùlu, 'people').
zipah, zapah[U.BAD]: half; a length-measure, span = 1/2 cubit = 15 fingers = 25 cm. (U.BAD: 'open hand' - approx. distance measured by span of outstretched thumb and little finger).
zizna: fish roe; abnormal growths on a fetus.
zugud, zubud: a kind of club; a fish (cf. also, sukud).
zukum: to trample; to walk on; to step on (súg, plural 'to stand', + kum, 'to crush').
zurzub(2), ursub(2), urrub(2): a container provided with teat-shaped protuberances (zur4, 'to spout, flow', + sub, 'to suckle').